2. Impact of a tax on price and quantity
Without taxes – no government. Government is necessary for certain goods – known as “public goods” – to be efficiently provided.
Taxes are needed to raise revenue to pay for public goods. Examples are Justice, Defense, Public Health Services, Roads, and Education. Taxes discourage market activity. When a good is taxed, the price paid by buyers increases and the quantity sold falls. A tax on a good places a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers. Buyers and sellers usually share the tax burden.
The incidence of a tax refers to who bears the burden of a tax. The incidence of a tax does not depend on who actually pays the tax to the government. The incidence of the tax depends on the relative price elasticities of supply and demand in the market.
To find out the impact of a tax on price and quantity we need to compute the new price under taxation. We can do it by changing supply function in proper way:
In the case of specific tax Qs = c +dP should be transformed into Qst = c +d(P-t).
In the case of Ad Valorem tax the original functions should be transformed into Qst = c +d P (1-t).
Tax revenue
T
he
tax burden on consumers
The tax burden on sellers
society tax burden (смотри 17 вопр.)
In the case of subsidy government support supply curve shifts in opposite side and according to this action our calculation will change (Qssub = c +d(P+sub)) and market actors get benefits instead of pay burden. But the main prinsiple remains the same.
16. Price ceiling and Price floor
Government regulation of a market: they can be divided on direct an indirect. We’ll remind:
Price ceiling - legally mandated maximum price. It’s purpose to keep price below the market equilibrium price (as a result – shortage and then “shadow market”). Examples: rent controls, price controls during wartime, gas price rationing, etc.
Price floor - legally mandated minimum price. Designed to maintain a price above the equilibrium level (first result - surplus). Examples: agricultural price supports, minimum wage laws.
Impact of a tax on price and quantity
Government is necessary for certain goods – known as “public goods” – to be efficiently provided. Taxes are needed to raise revenue to pay for public goods. (Justice, Defense, Public Health Services, Roads, and Education). Taxes discourage market activity. When a good is taxed, the price paid by buyers increases and the quantity sold falls. A tax on a good places a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers. Buyers and sellers usually share the tax burden.
The incidence of a tax refers to who bears the burden of a tax. The incidence of a tax does not depend on who actually pays the tax to the government. The incidence of the tax depends on the relative price elasticities of supply and demand in the market.
In the case of specific tax Qs = c +dP should be transformed into Qst = c +d(P-t).
In the case of Ad Valorem tax the original functions should be transformed into Qst = c +d P (1-t).
For getting the new characteristics of equilibrium Pet and Qet we need to equal original (or constant) demand function and new (transformed) supply function
Tax revenue (TaxR) is the whole sum of money collected by taxation. It can be computed as TaxR=t•Qet.
The tax burden on consumers is the part of the tax paid by consumers in terms of higher prices. CB= (Pet - Pe)•Qet.
The tax burden on sellers is the part of the tax paid by firms in terms of lower receipts. SB=TaxR – CB = t•Qet - (Pet - Pe)•Qet = Qet (t - Pet + Pe)
Tax burden on each is determined by the elasticities of supply and demand.
society tax burden – some losses of all the society because of decrease of quantity sold/bought on the market and increased price: SCB = t•(( Qe - Qet))/2.
In the case of subsidy government support supply curve shifts in opposite side and according to this action our calculation will change (Qssub = c +d(P+sub)) and market actors get benefits instead of pay burden. But the main prinsiple remains the same.