- •The object and aims of Stylistics.
- •2. The Norm of Language
- •3. Functional Style. Register.
- •4. Classifications of Functional Styles.
- •5. Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •6. Lexical Peculiarities of the scientific style.
- •7. Structural Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8. The Style of official documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •9. Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •10. Lexical Peculiarities of the newspaper style.
- •11. Structural Peculiarities of the Newspaper style.
- •12. Publicistic Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •13. Lexical Peculiarities of the Publicistic Style.
- •14. Structural Peculiarities of the Publicistic Style.
- •15. Literary-Colloquial style. / Received standard. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •16. Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial style.
- •17. Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial style.
- •18. Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •19. Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •20. Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary.
- •21. Formal English Vocabulary and its Stylistic Functions.
- •22. Informal English Vocabulary and its Stylistic Functions.
- •5) Vulgar words or vulgarisms:
- •6) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •25. Familiar Words, Professionalisms and their Stylistic Functions. Coinages.
- •5) Vulgar words or vulgarisms:
- •6) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •27. Terms and their Stylistic Function. Neologisms.
- •28. Barbarisms and Foreign Words and their Stylistic Functions.
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms.
- •30. Neutral Words.
- •23. Common Literary Words and their Stylistic Functions. Literary Coinages.
- •31. Stylistic Colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation & Connotation.
- •33, 34. Context. Stylistic Context.
- •35. Stylistic Function.
- •36. Principles of Foregrounding.
- •37. Language and Speech Functions
- •38. Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •39. Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40. Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41. Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42. Metaphoric Group of sDs. Metaphor. Simile. Personification.
- •43. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synecdoche.
- •45. Mixed group of sd: Allegory, antonomasia.
- •46. Stylistic devices based on the relations of identity:
- •47. Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49.Expressive Means Based on the Absence of the Logically Required Components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the-Narrative, Nominative Sentences, Apokoinu Constructions.
- •50. Expressive Means Based on the Redundancy of the Components: Repetition, Framing, Anadiplosis, Syntactic Tautology. Thematic Net. Repetition: Variety and Functions.
- •51. Expressive Means Based on the Transferred Use of Structural Meaning: Rhetoric Question, Emphatic Negation, Reported Speech.
- •52. Expressive Means Based on the Juxtaposition of Different Parts of the Utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive Means Based on the Way the Parts are connected: Asyndeton, Polysyndeton, the Gap, Sentence Link.
50. Expressive Means Based on the Redundancy of the Components: Repetition, Framing, Anadiplosis, Syntactic Tautology. Thematic Net. Repetition: Variety and Functions.
Repetition is one of the devices having its origin in the emotive language. Repetition when applied to the logical language becomes simply an instrument of grammar. When used as a stylistic device, repetition acquires quite different functions. It does not aim at making a direct emotional impact. On the contrary, the stylistic device of repetition aims at logical emphasis, an emphasis necessary to fix the attention of the reader on the key-word of the utterance. Repetition is classified according to compositional design. If the repeated word (or phrase) comes at the beginning of two or more consecutive sentences, clauses or phrases, we have anaphora. If the repeated unit is placed at the end of consecutive sentences, clauses or phrases we have the type of repetition called epiphora. The rhythmical function must not be underestimated when studying the effects produced by repetition. Repetition may be arranged in the form of a frame: the initial parts of a syntactical unit, in most cases of a paragraph, are repeated at the end of it. This compositional design of repetition is called framing. Framing makes the whole utterance more compact and more complete. It is most effective in singling out of paragraphs.
Repetition: 1)Ordinary: 2)Anaphora: a…; a…; a…; 3)Epiphora: …a; …a; …a; 4)Anadiplosis: a…b; b…c;5) Chain repetition: a…b; b…c; c…d … 6)Successive repetition: a…b, b, b … 7)Framing.
Among other compositional models of repetition is linking or reduplication (anadiplosis). The structure of this device is the following: the last word or phrase of one part of an utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part, thus hooking the two parts together. The writer, instead of moving on, seems to double back on his tracks and pick up his last word. Any repetition of a unit of language will inevitably cause some slight modification of meaning, a modification suggested by a noticeable change in the intonation with which the repeated word is pronounced. Syntactic tautology is a kind of repetition which adds nothing to the factual content of the utterance. It is relevant only to the first type of information, while the second type is carried out very effectively this way. Syntactic tautology may be used for the speech characteristic of a personage. Sometimes this figure may be used satirically. (A study of two dun cows under a walnut tree was followed by a study of a walnut tree with two dun cows under it – explicates futility and monotony of the author’s works) The compositional form of repetition is called chain-repetition. The primary function of a repetition is to intensify the utterance. It may also stress monotony of action; it may suggest fatigue or despair etc. Root-repetition – not the same words that are repeated but the same root. Synonym repetition – repetition of the same idea by using synonymous words and phrases which by adding a slightly different nuance of meaning intensify the impact of the utterance.
The Types of Repetition on the Syntactical Level
repetition of an abstract syntactical position (this is observed in any sentence comprising two or more homogeneous parts, which relate syntactically but not semantically)
synonymic repetition (repetition of an abstract syntactical position involving the usage of synonyms, i.e. the homogeneous parts relate syntactically and semantically)
repetition of the same element (word or phrase) within the sentence (is typical for colloquial speech and concerns mostly qualifying adverbs and adjectives, such as for ever and ever; very, very, very good, etc.)
parallelism (involves a repetition of identical syntactical constructions and contributes to rhythmic and melodic unification of adjacent sentences; it serves either to emphasise the repeated element, or to create a contrast, or underlines the semantic connection between sentences).
Parallel constructions are based on the repetition of the whole syntactical structure of several successive sentences.
He had been called.
He had been touched.
He had been summoned. (R.W.)