Inter-textual structure. (text units)
As the text is structurally complete it can be analyzed as to its inner structure. 1st of all we should differentiate 2 types: the macro- and microtexts.
Microtexts are singled out according to different principles and that’s why a lot of them exist. If meaning is emphasized it’s called either the superphrasal unit or the content block. If structure is emphasized there are such terms as the complex syntactic entity or supra-sentential construction.
We can divide a text into superphrasal units. A SPU may consist of several independent sentences that develop 1 topic. A superphrasal unit is semantically and structurally complete. And to some extent it is independent from the context. Sometimes the SPU may coincide with the paragraph. But it is often the case that treir boundaries do not coincide. The SPU can end with the end of the paragraph. But it can also end and begin in the middle of the paragraph. At last the SPU can cover 2 or more paragraphs-it’s the most frequent case.
Semantic (topical) entity and lexico-grammatical coherency.
Theme-rheme relations construct topical entity, because each text centered around 1 topic. If it is a long text, there can be some change of topics, structure of the text can be more complicated. (macrotexts). But for microtexts topical entity is the main principle.
Means of cohesion can be lexical and grammatical.
Lexical:
the lexical repetition One and the same word or phrase is used repeatedly in the text.
reference It is ensured by pronouns. A boy=he. A boy came in. He was pale.
substitution is ensured by other nominative parts of speech except pronoun. John is my friend. The boy is very cute.
derivation (Well, the night was beautiful, and the great thing not to be a pig. Beauty and not being a pig! Nothing much else to it.(Galsworthy) The use of words with the same root but belonging to different parts of speech.
conjunctions link sentences to 1 another.(then yet however besides moreover etc.)
Grammatical:
articles
ellipsis depend on the context and can always be reconstructed. When did U see him last?-Monday.
key-words They help to achieve topical entity. (synonyms, antonyms, derivatives). Antonyms-characterization of smth through opposition. He is clever-he is not unintelligent.
Text and context
The notion of the text is connected with differentiation of types of context(micro- and macro-). A macro-context is the whole book or story. A micro-context is immediate environment.
2 other types are horizontal and vertical contexts. This division presupposes difference of development of the text.
horizontal (chain of events, that follow 1 another and the time of the action is not stopped. Ну entered the room. He looked at her. Then he said…etc.)
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vertical (interruption in narration. He entered the room() His face was pale, he was dressed in…(…..) Then he said()
The discourse is text in action. The term “text” mainly denotes the formal aspect. It’s a unit that consists of sentences and is characterized by its inner structure. The text can be represented schematically( Москальская).
chain-like arrangement fan-like arrangement
(logical narration, explanation)
hierarchical structure (long texts)
When the scheme is filled in by some content and this content describes some real situation, we deal with some discourse( written or spoken). Discourse is always situationally bound.