- •1. The notion of the grammatical category: gr. Form & gr. Meaning. Means of form-building. Gr.Oppositions as the basis of gr. Categories. Types of oppositions. Reduction of gr. Oppositions
- •Typology of the Morphological Systems of r and e: Typology of parts of speech
- •3. Simple sentence as a monopredicative structure. The definitions of the sentence
- •The status of the sentence
- •Classification of sentences
- •Types of simple sentences
- •Primary and secondary sentence parts
- •4. Сomposite sentence as a polypredicative structure
- •Connectors
- •Inter-textual structure. (text units)
- •6. The word and its properties
- •2) Identity of the word (тождество).
- •The word as an arbitrary and motivated sign
- •Types of motivation
- •Phonetical motivation;
- •Morphological motivation;
- •Semantic motivation;
- •7. The problem of linguistic meaning
- •Main approaches to the study of meaning
- •Types of linguistic meaning
- •Differences between lexical and grammatical meanings
- •Types of connotative meaning
- •The structure of a polysemantic word
- •8. The etymological composition
- •9. Stylistic stratification of the english vocabulary. Literary and non-literary strata. The subsystems of the english lexicon: slang, jargon, euphemisms, neologisms, archaisms
- •Vulgarisms
- •10. The main and minor ways of word formation; affixation, conversion, compounding, blending, clipping, abbreviation, back formation
- •2 Types of word formation:
- •11. Lexical and grammatical valency of words. Collocations. Free word combinations vs. Idioms. Idioms: their characteristic features. Classifications of idioms
- •Language as a system of signs and as a structure. De saussure's dichotomies. The theory of sign
- •The relationship between language and thought. Language as a means of structuring and storing knowledge
- •Vygotsky’s view of the issue
- •Language and Thought from the Point of View of Cognitive Linguistics
- •Language as a means of communication. The processes of understanding and verbalizing. Text and discourse as units of communication
- •15. Relationship between language and culture. The specific feature of vocabulary and grammar as manifestations of world view
- •The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- •16. Criteria for revealing the status of a phoneme
- •17. Mechanisms of speech sound production
- •In classifying consonants as different from vowels
- •Power mechanism
- •Vibrator mechanism
- •Resonator mechanism
- •Obstructer mechanism
- •18. Intonation as a component structure
- •Intonation
- •19. Reasons for phonetic modification
- •In regional and social accents of english
- •20. The geographical position and the environment of great britain
- •21. General review of the usa economics
- •Inventions and industrial development
- •Achievements of american economy
- •The American System of Government
- •1) The Legislative Branch of Power
- •2) The Executive Branch of Power
- •3) The Judiciary Branch of Power
- •The System of American Courts
- •Nominations, Campaigns and Elections
- •23. National and social population of great britain
- •Ancestors. Waves of invasion
- •Languages and nationalities
- •Social rates
- •Social class make-up
- •Migration waves
- •The ethnic dimension. Racism
- •24. The culture of great britain. Cultural realia
- •Traditions
- •The state opening of parliament
- •Changing the guard
- •Trooping the colour
- •The ceremony of the keys
- •Customs and traditions of scotland
- •English renaissance
- •The british museum
- •Some more museums of britain
- •The Tower of London
- •St. Paul's Cathedral
- •Some more cultural realia from the dictionary
- •25. The main historic periods of the usa
Connectors
Clauses in a complex sent. can be linked in 2 ways: syndetically (by means of subordinating conjunctions or connectives) and asyndetically.
A conjunction only serves as a formal element connecting separate clauses, whereas a connective serves as a connective link and has a at the same time a syntactic function in the subordinate clause it introduces. Subordinate clauses are: subject clauses, predicative clauses, object c., attributive c., adverbial c. of time, place, condition….
Conjunctions: that, if whether
Connectives: who, which, what, whatever, where, when, how…
Adverbial clauses of Time: when, while, as soon as, as long as, scarcely, no sooner than..
Place: where, wherever
Cause: as, since, because
Purpose: that, in order that, so that, lest
Condition: if, unless, on condition that, provided
Concession: though, although, however, whatever
Result : so that, so, such
Manner: as
Comparison: than, as, as if, as though.
5. SENTENCE IN THE TEXT: TEXT AS A LANGUAGE UNIT. DISCOURSE AS ITS SPEECH MANIFESTATION. INTER-TEXTUAL STRUCTURE, THEME-RHEME RELATIONS IN THE TEXT, BASIC TEXT CATEGORIES - SEMANTIC (TOPICAL) ENTITY AND LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL COHERENCY. MEANS OF COHESION.
The text is the highest unit of the syntactic level that possesses all features that characterize any other language unit. According to Sossure, any language unit is 2-sided, with the exception of phoneme. All of them have the plane of content and the plane of expression. And the text is not an exception. It has already been proved by textual linguistics (or text grammar): this discipline appeared in the 70s in Russia and abroad ( Москальская, Звегинцев, Michael Halliday, Harris, etc.) The main concept is that the largest unit of language is not the sentence, but the text.
The analysis of each text is compared with the analysis of the sentence. It was noticed that both the sentence and the text contain the same logical structure. A minimal sentence can be divided into 2 logical parts: Theme and Rheme. The theme is smth known. The rheme is some new information (portion of inf.) that is given in a sentence. It was noticed that texts also include portions of already known inf. and some new things. At the same time if most sentences correspond to the linear “theme-rheme’ structure, but the text, that also includes these 2 elements, as a rule, is more complicated. Moskalskaya investigated a lot of real texts and managed to prove that irrespective of their complexity and difference it’s possible to speak about some types of text structure. The types are universal for all languages (see below).
The starting point of development of text grammar was connected with the following:
Many language facts, such as article determination (the way article determines words). Word-order, structural incompletion of the sentence, peculiarities of theme-rheme division and many others can be adequately interpreted only in some context that is wider than the sentence.
Any text is not just a succession of isolated and disconnected sentences, but it’s a unity and it possesses a powerful integral potential.