- •1. The notion of the grammatical category: gr. Form & gr. Meaning. Means of form-building. Gr.Oppositions as the basis of gr. Categories. Types of oppositions. Reduction of gr. Oppositions
- •Typology of the Morphological Systems of r and e: Typology of parts of speech
- •3. Simple sentence as a monopredicative structure. The definitions of the sentence
- •The status of the sentence
- •Classification of sentences
- •Types of simple sentences
- •Primary and secondary sentence parts
- •4. Сomposite sentence as a polypredicative structure
- •Connectors
- •Inter-textual structure. (text units)
- •6. The word and its properties
- •2) Identity of the word (тождество).
- •The word as an arbitrary and motivated sign
- •Types of motivation
- •Phonetical motivation;
- •Morphological motivation;
- •Semantic motivation;
- •7. The problem of linguistic meaning
- •Main approaches to the study of meaning
- •Types of linguistic meaning
- •Differences between lexical and grammatical meanings
- •Types of connotative meaning
- •The structure of a polysemantic word
- •8. The etymological composition
- •9. Stylistic stratification of the english vocabulary. Literary and non-literary strata. The subsystems of the english lexicon: slang, jargon, euphemisms, neologisms, archaisms
- •Vulgarisms
- •10. The main and minor ways of word formation; affixation, conversion, compounding, blending, clipping, abbreviation, back formation
- •2 Types of word formation:
- •11. Lexical and grammatical valency of words. Collocations. Free word combinations vs. Idioms. Idioms: their characteristic features. Classifications of idioms
- •Language as a system of signs and as a structure. De saussure's dichotomies. The theory of sign
- •The relationship between language and thought. Language as a means of structuring and storing knowledge
- •Vygotsky’s view of the issue
- •Language and Thought from the Point of View of Cognitive Linguistics
- •Language as a means of communication. The processes of understanding and verbalizing. Text and discourse as units of communication
- •15. Relationship between language and culture. The specific feature of vocabulary and grammar as manifestations of world view
- •The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- •16. Criteria for revealing the status of a phoneme
- •17. Mechanisms of speech sound production
- •In classifying consonants as different from vowels
- •Power mechanism
- •Vibrator mechanism
- •Resonator mechanism
- •Obstructer mechanism
- •18. Intonation as a component structure
- •Intonation
- •19. Reasons for phonetic modification
- •In regional and social accents of english
- •20. The geographical position and the environment of great britain
- •21. General review of the usa economics
- •Inventions and industrial development
- •Achievements of american economy
- •The American System of Government
- •1) The Legislative Branch of Power
- •2) The Executive Branch of Power
- •3) The Judiciary Branch of Power
- •The System of American Courts
- •Nominations, Campaigns and Elections
- •23. National and social population of great britain
- •Ancestors. Waves of invasion
- •Languages and nationalities
- •Social rates
- •Social class make-up
- •Migration waves
- •The ethnic dimension. Racism
- •24. The culture of great britain. Cultural realia
- •Traditions
- •The state opening of parliament
- •Changing the guard
- •Trooping the colour
- •The ceremony of the keys
- •Customs and traditions of scotland
- •English renaissance
- •The british museum
- •Some more museums of britain
- •The Tower of London
- •St. Paul's Cathedral
- •Some more cultural realia from the dictionary
- •25. The main historic periods of the usa
4. Сomposite sentence as a polypredicative structure
The composite sent. is a poly-predicative structure and on the basis of the type of link it is subdivided into compound type (linked by coordination) and the complex type (linked by subordination).
The compound (с\с) sent. is analyzed in different branches of grammar in a different way.
Traditional approach. It pays special attention to the role of connectors of the sent.. According to it the meaning of the whole sent. is not only the sum of meanings of each clause. The general meaning can be completely changed by the connector (conjunction, conjunctive word).
When he made up his mind…
After he made up his mind…
As he made up his mind…
Structuralism treats any compound sentence as a result of transformations of some simple sentences.
Semantic syntax treats the meaning of the sent. in terms of deep structure, that is formally expressed by the surface structure.
Within the compound type the clauses are equal in rank, but not all of them are absolutely independent. Only the 1st one is absolutely autosemantic. All the others are synsemantic. The 1st clause can never be elliptical, it can’t include substitute words and anaphoric pronouns.
Clauses in the compound sent. are linked with the help of coordination, but logically this link can convey different meanings. Thus coordination is divided into copulative , disjunctive, adversative and casual-resultative links.
Accordingly the same types of conjunctions are singled out.
Copulative (копулятивная, соединит.) (and, both….and…, neither…nor…, not only…but…, besides, then).
Disjunctive (разделительная) (or, either…or.., otherwise, else- в противном случае)
Adversative (противительная) (but, while-тогда как, however-тем не менее, nevertheless, yet, still).
Casual-resultative (причинно-следственная) (for, accordingly, hence-таким образом, therefore, thus).
Compound sent. can be syndetic and asyndetic. Most links are actualized syndetically, but very often conjunctions can be omitted. Only the disjunctive link is always syndetic.
If the conjunction is used, it is considered to be the primary means of syntactic link in the sent. (not the only). There are a lot of other means that also establish links between the clauses and show that these clauses are rather tight connected.
Secondary means:
1) The order of clauses (it’s not always possible to change the order).
2) The grammatical forms of the predicates.
(if they coincide in time or they are relatively used)
3) Structural arrangement of clauses (parallelism, ellipsis, substitution.)
4) The semantic link that is not marked in any way, but understood from the context and graphically marked by dashes and commas.
The complex (с\п) sent.
The complex sent. is extremely popular, because it can express different types of logical relations. It includes parts not equal in rank. One is independent, but all the subordinate clauses are synsemantic, depend on the principle clause. Sometimes it is possible to change the order of clauses especially in adverbial type, but it does not change the status of each clause.
Complex sentences are classified as to different principles. The traditional classification is based on the functional principle, because the type of the subordinate clause is associated with the sent.parts (член предложения).
Eg. The only reason I came is because he asked me to.
Predicative type of clause.
Another classification is based on the link between the PC (principle clause) and the SC (secondary clause).
Correlative type
|
PC |
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|---|---|---|---|
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antecedent |
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SC |
It was just that what upset me. (that-antecedent, what-conjunction)
Complemented type. PC contains some element devoid of the lexical meaning and it is complemented by the SC.
It is believed that this winter will bу cold.
Inclusive type. In this case the SC fulfills the function of one of the primary sent. parts and it can’t be omitted.
What he said irritated everybody.
-
SC
What he said
PC
Co-dependant type
In this case clauses are absolutely unseparable, depend on each other and usually express relations of gradation.
The more we read the more we know.
Loose-connection type.
In this case the principle clause is autosemantic and in most cases it is possible to change the order of clauses.
I was writing when he entered.- When he entered I was writing.