Types of simple sentences

2-member sent.:

1) Verbal (predicate is a verb)

a) without agreement

-------with preposition of the attribute

In R.- attributes which are Adj., Numerals, Pronouns, Participle I:

Раннее утро, последний звонок, наш лидер, эта программа, летящий самолет

In E.-The young painters worked….

-------with postposition of the attribute

In R. –attributes which are Nouns in indirect cases: дом колхозника, письмо матери.

In E.-The nerves of the stranger….

b) with agreement

In R. agreement in person is clearly observed. In E. we find just several cases of agreement.

R.- person (я работаю -ты работаешь….)

gender in Past tense (Вася работал -Маша работала)

E.-3d person Sg Present Indefinite (he works)

3d person Sg Present Continuous (I am playing – he is playing)

3d person Sg Present Perfect (he has come)

number Past Continuous (I, he was working-they, we were working)

2) Nominal (linking verb + predicative)

a)Agreement in both components of the predicate.

1) Predicative-Noun

R. - Л. был певец. (gender, number).

E.- L. was a singer. (number)

2) Adjective

R.-Погода была хорошая.

3) Noun in instrumental (case)

R.- …был рабочим.

4) Adjective in instrumental (case)

R.-…был хороший.

b)Agreement in 1 component of the predicate.

1) Adjective

E.- …is naughty.

2) Possessive Prn.

E.-…is mine.

3) Adjective (+it)

E.- It is cold.

4) Card. Num

E.-I am 23.)

5) Adv.

E.- The moon is out.

Another classification of 2-member sent. :

1. Personal :

I saw him yesterday –definite personal

They say…-indefinite personal

We/you/one….-generalized personal

2. Impersonal - it’s getting dark /темнеет.

1-member sent:

There is discrepancy between E. and R. 1-member sentences. (2-member sentences are more isomorphic). In R. there are a lot of types, while in E. they are used not so often and the variety of patterns is not so great. This fact is explained by the analytical structure of E. and the fixed word order. The fixed word order demands that all sent. parts should take some fixed position and the position of the subject can’t be empty, that’s why formal or grammatical subjects are used in E..

1)To this type we should refer it-subject: it’s getting dark. In R. the subject is empty-Темнеет.

2)Another type with a grammatical subject: there is, there are. Some say there is no subject here, some think that “there is” = “it is”.

3)In R. there are sent. with an impersonal subject that is expressed by some indirect case (косв.падеж). Его звали…Ему прислали…Such sent. correspond to 2-member sent. in E, in which passive is used: He was sent…

1-member sent..

1) Nominal -Spring. Fine!

Verbal -Светает.

2) Imperative - do it!

3) Infinitive -why not go there? to think of it! /подумать только!

4) Gerundial sent. –no talking.

5) Words-sentences - oh! Alas! Yes. No. Of course.

Primary and secondary sentence parts

a)Primary:

The Subject is the principal part of a sent, which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sent. and on which the second principal part is grammatically dependant (in most cases agrees in number and person). It can denote a living being, a lifeless thing or idea.

a) monocomponential

----with agreement of the subject (N, Prn., Adj., Ord. Num. in R.)

----without agreement of the subject (Inf., Ord. Num. in E.,Gerund)

b) bi-componential

---attributive groups

---there…Subject

---it….Subject

The Predicate is the 2d principal part, which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing, denoted by the ubj.

a) monocomponential (expressed by

1)a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form,

2)phraseological unit (to take care, to pay attention, to have a smoke))

-----with agreement in E.-3d prs

-----without agreement in E.-a group of modal verbs

b) bi-componential (2 parts: a finite verb and some other part of speech.)

----nominal

V+N

V+N in Abl. - работает официантом

V+Adj. - turn grey

V+N in Gen. - …of…

----verbal V+Vinf. in E. and R.

-a modal verb (can prove)

-modal expressions to be+inf, to have + inf.(was to take place, had to work)

-verbs with modal meaning (want to…try to…attempt to..)

-modal expressions (to be obliged, to be capable)

b) Secondary :

Object completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adj., a word denoting state or a noun. Can be expressed by N.,Prn.,substantivized Adj., Inf.,Gerund.

1. with government

In E.-Prs.Prn in objective case and whom.

In R.-many examples.

2. without government

Attribute qualifies a N., a Prn. or any other part of the sent that has a nominal character.

Can be expressed by Adj., Prn., Num.,N.

1. with agreement

2. without agreement

3. with adjoinment

   1. close apposition(приложение)-Aunt Ann

   2. loose apposition, separated by commas and with its own stress-Timothy, her 6^th brother,….)

Adverbial modifiers modify Verb, Adj, Adv.

→ time, place, manner, purpose, frequency, attendant circumstances, result, comparison, concession, condition, reason, cause.

Can be expressed by Adv., N., prep. phrase, Participle, Absolute Constructions

The independent elements of sent.

1)interjections

2)direct address (обращение)

3)parentheses (вводные слова)-certainly, perhaps, finally, generally speaking

4) loose (detached) parts of the sent. (обособленные члены предложения).