- •1. The notion of the grammatical category: gr. Form & gr. Meaning. Means of form-building. Gr.Oppositions as the basis of gr. Categories. Types of oppositions. Reduction of gr. Oppositions
- •Typology of the Morphological Systems of r and e: Typology of parts of speech
- •3. Simple sentence as a monopredicative structure. The definitions of the sentence
- •The status of the sentence
- •Classification of sentences
- •Types of simple sentences
- •Primary and secondary sentence parts
- •4. Сomposite sentence as a polypredicative structure
- •Connectors
- •Inter-textual structure. (text units)
- •6. The word and its properties
- •2) Identity of the word (тождество).
- •The word as an arbitrary and motivated sign
- •Types of motivation
- •Phonetical motivation;
- •Morphological motivation;
- •Semantic motivation;
- •7. The problem of linguistic meaning
- •Main approaches to the study of meaning
- •Types of linguistic meaning
- •Differences between lexical and grammatical meanings
- •Types of connotative meaning
- •The structure of a polysemantic word
- •8. The etymological composition
- •9. Stylistic stratification of the english vocabulary. Literary and non-literary strata. The subsystems of the english lexicon: slang, jargon, euphemisms, neologisms, archaisms
- •Vulgarisms
- •10. The main and minor ways of word formation; affixation, conversion, compounding, blending, clipping, abbreviation, back formation
- •2 Types of word formation:
- •11. Lexical and grammatical valency of words. Collocations. Free word combinations vs. Idioms. Idioms: their characteristic features. Classifications of idioms
- •Language as a system of signs and as a structure. De saussure's dichotomies. The theory of sign
- •The relationship between language and thought. Language as a means of structuring and storing knowledge
- •Vygotsky’s view of the issue
- •Language and Thought from the Point of View of Cognitive Linguistics
- •Language as a means of communication. The processes of understanding and verbalizing. Text and discourse as units of communication
- •15. Relationship between language and culture. The specific feature of vocabulary and grammar as manifestations of world view
- •The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- •16. Criteria for revealing the status of a phoneme
- •17. Mechanisms of speech sound production
- •In classifying consonants as different from vowels
- •Power mechanism
- •Vibrator mechanism
- •Resonator mechanism
- •Obstructer mechanism
- •18. Intonation as a component structure
- •Intonation
- •19. Reasons for phonetic modification
- •In regional and social accents of english
- •20. The geographical position and the environment of great britain
- •21. General review of the usa economics
- •Inventions and industrial development
- •Achievements of american economy
- •The American System of Government
- •1) The Legislative Branch of Power
- •2) The Executive Branch of Power
- •3) The Judiciary Branch of Power
- •The System of American Courts
- •Nominations, Campaigns and Elections
- •23. National and social population of great britain
- •Ancestors. Waves of invasion
- •Languages and nationalities
- •Social rates
- •Social class make-up
- •Migration waves
- •The ethnic dimension. Racism
- •24. The culture of great britain. Cultural realia
- •Traditions
- •The state opening of parliament
- •Changing the guard
- •Trooping the colour
- •The ceremony of the keys
- •Customs and traditions of scotland
- •English renaissance
- •The british museum
- •Some more museums of britain
- •The Tower of London
- •St. Paul's Cathedral
- •Some more cultural realia from the dictionary
- •25. The main historic periods of the usa
3. Simple sentence as a monopredicative structure. The definitions of the sentence
The sent. can be studied from different points of view and more than 200 definitions of sent. are known. This fact proves that sent. is a many-fold phenomenon. All definitions mostly fall into 2 types: logical and structural.
Most definitions in text-books are logical. They are most ancient, they appeared in Classical Grammar. The definition belongs to Aristotel: sent. – is a group of words linked together and expressing a complete thought. The weak point-it does not distinguish the sent. from judgment. Any judgment is always binary in structure (theme-rheme) even in 1-member sent., but the sent. is not always binary. At the same time sent. can contain several themes and rhemes if it is composite, but in any judgment there is only 1 theme and 1 rheme.
All structural definitions try to be more objective and that’s why stress the existence of the so-called subject-predicate structure: sent. is a language unit, possessing subject-predicate structure that makes it possible to use this unit as a minimal utterance.
Nowadays the phonetic side is also taken into consideration. In fact expressing some utterance, the sent. should be phonetically arranged. Francis introduced the notion “the sent. intonation final contour”. The definition is not perfect: 1)it’s applied only to oral sent.; 2)in a composite sent. there are several final contours.
The status of the sentence
The sent. is considered to be the central unit of syntax, because it includes word-groups in its structure and by itself the sentence is a constituent of a text structure. Though sent., word-group and text belong to syntax (same sphere), there are essential differences between them. Word group is a nominative unit (names smth). Sent. in addition to this function acquires a communicative function. Nominative-is not its primary function. Text fulfills communicative function, but structurally it’s more complicated and the expression of predicativity is different. The quantitative criterion also differs the 3 units, but it’s not absolute. Some sent. can be shorter than word groups.
Classification of sentences
I . Structural approach. Sent. are subdivided into:
- simple →one-member: nominal (Fire!) and verbal (Do it!)
→two-member: complete (When are you going?) and incomplete or elliptical (To the cinema.)
- composite → compound and complex ;
Acc. to the purpose of utterance;
declarative→ negative and affirmative (their purpose is that they express a statement giving information);
interrogative (their purpose is to obtain information, to ask for information)
imperative (their purpose is to make an addressee perform a certain action = inducement).
exclamatory (their purpose is to express the speaker’s emotional state).
III. Informative structure of the sent . Every sent. is subjected to a binary division into the Theme and the Rheme, in Eng. – the Topic & the Comment. The topic is the part of the sent. which contains the information already known to the speakers. The Rheme (the comment) is the second part of the sent. which contains a new piece of information.