28. The development of English literature at the edge of the 19th and 20th centuries. Neo-romanticism and r. L. Stevenson’s adventure novels. (“Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

The neo-romanticism was often written in I-form. The authors portrayed the subjective and accidental in a mood or emotional outburst. The neo-romanticism did not explain or attack, because the purpose was to promote a mood, and the form was more free and modern. All genres were practised, but mostly poems and novels were published.

The authors now focused on mood and the state of mind. They distanced themselves from social problems, and went back to write about the untouched nature. It became a reaction against realism and naturalism, where they wrote about the grey, problem filled world. It was also a reaction against the new society, the break through of the great capitalism, industrialisation and development of the cities. The literature became more individualised and lyrical, and they wrote more about young love and infatuations, like Hamsun’s “Victoria”. The use of adjectives increased, to appeal to our senses. Religious and mystic questions were again interesting, and the belief in humans and our capability of sorting out crisis was rising. The poets wanted to describe the oblivious life of senses and the inner human being. The neo-romanticists glorified the country life, and were interested in personal problems instead of political, and liked mystic, dreams and longing. The poets wrote about erotic power and its impact on our senses.

R. L. Stevenson Scottish essayist, poet, and author of fiction and travel books, known especially for his novels of adventure. Stevenson's characters often prefer unknown hazards to everyday life of the Victorian society. His most famous examination of the split personality is THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE (1886). Many of Stevenson's stories are set in colorful locations, they have also horror and supernatural elements. Arguing against realism, Stevenson underlined the "nameless longings of the reader", the desire for experience.  His best-known books include Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The adventure novel is a genre of novels that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme. Adventure has been a common theme since the earliest days of written fiction. Indeed, the standard plot of Medieval romances was a series of adventures.

28. The development of English literature at the edge of the 19th and 20th centuries. J. K. Jerome “Three Men in a Boat”, a. C. Doyle’s stories.

Jerome Klapka Jerome had a very difficult childhood, since he spent it in poverty and misery. Still, the obstacles in his life didn’t manage to decrease his talent and love for literature. In spite of all problems, he has managed to become a bright writer and to be recognized by the society. He has now become a classic of English literature.

His most famous work is, doubtlessly, the novel “Three men in a boat”, published in 1889. The plot of this book has been based on the author’s honeymoon on the Thames. However, the action is certainly not a romantic one.

The characters are not imaginary, as it might have been expected. They are absolutely real: the author (J.), and two of his existing friends, George and Harris. Additionally, there is a marvelous fictional dog, named Montmorency. They have decided to go on a trip on the river Thames, and so they did. The novel describes all the adventures and the funny details of this journey. The author uses rather simple language, and the action is based on regular life situations.

This, however, only increases the value and the beauty of the novel. It is a literary work full of charm and wisdom, but also full of relaxing humor and familiar atmosphere.

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930^[1]) is the creator Sherlock Holmes, the best-known detective in literature and the embodiment of scientific thinking. Doyle himself was not a good example of rational personality: he believed in fairies and was interested in occultism. Sherlock Holmes stories have been translated into more than fifty languages, and made into plays, films, radio and television series, a musical comedy, a ballet, cartoons, comic books, and advertisement. By 1920 Doyle was one of the most highly paid writers in the world. Doyle was born on May 22, 1859 at Picardy Place, Edinburgh, as the son of Charles Altamont Doyle, a civil servant in the Edinburgh Office of Works, and Mary (Foley) Doyle. Both of Doyle’s parents were Roman Catholics. His father suffered from epilepsy and alcoholism and was eventually institutionalized. Charles Altamont died in an asylum in 1893. In the same year Doyle decided to finish permanently the adventures of his master detective. Because of financial problems, Doyle’s mother kept a boarding house. Dr. Tsukasa Kobayashi has suspected in an article, that Doyle’s mother had a long affair with Bryan Charles Waller, a lodger and a student of pathology, who had a deep impact to Conan Doyle.

Doyle was educated in Jesuit schools. He studied at Edinburgh University and in 1884 he married Louise Hawkins. Doyle qualified as doctor in 1885. After graduation Doyle practiced medicine as an eye specialist at Southsea near Porsmouth in Hampshire until 1891 when he became a full time writer.

First story about Holmes, A STUDY IN SCARLET, was published in 1887 in ‘Beeton Christmas Annual.’. The novel was written in three weeks in 1886. It introduced the detective and his associate and friend, Dr. Watson, and made famous Holmes’s address at Mrs. Hudson’s house, 221B Baker Street, London. Their major opponent was the malevolent Moriarty, the classic evil genius who was a kind of doppelgänger of Holmes. Also the beautiful opera singer Irene Adler caused much trouble to Holmes.

The second Sherlock Holmes story, THE SIGN OF FOUR, was written for the Lippincott’s Magazine in 1890. The story collects a colorful group of people together, among them Jonathan Small who has a wooden leg and a dwarf from Tonga islands. In the Strand Magazine started to appear ‘The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.’

In 1893 Doyle was so wearied of his famous detective that he devised his death in the Final Problem (published in the Strand). In the story Holmes meets Moriarty at the fall of the Reichenbach in Switzerland and disappears. Watson finds a letter from Homes, stating “I have already explained to you, however, that my career had in any case reached its crisis, and that no possible conclusion to it could be more congenial to me than this.”

In THE HOUND OF BASKERVILLES (1902) Doyle narrated an early case of the dead detective. The murder weapon in the story is an animal.

He was knighted (“Sir Arthur”) in 1902 for his work in Boer War propaganda (particularly the pamphlet The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct) — and, some said, because of the publication of THE HOUND OF BASKERVILLES.( Sherlock Holmes stories

• A Study in Scarlet (1887)

• The Sign of Four (1890)

• The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892)

• The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)

• The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902)

• The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1904)

• The Valley of Fear (1914)

• His Last Bow (1917)

• The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)

List of additional Sherlock Holmes Literature

Professor Challenger stories

• The Lost World (1912)

• The Poison Belt (1913)

• The Land of Mists (1926)

• The Disintegration Machine (1927)

• When the World Screamed (1928)

Historical novels

• The White Company (1891)

• Micah Clarke (1888)

• The Great Shadow (1892)

• The Refugees (publ. 1893, written 1892)

• Rodney Stone (1896)

• Uncle Bernac (1897)

• Sir Nigel (1906)

Other works

• "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (1883), a story about the fate of the ship Mary Celeste

• Mystery of Cloomber (1889)

• The Captain of the Polestar, and other tales (1890)

• The Doings Of Raffles Haw (1891)

• Beyond the City (1892)

• Jane Annie, or the Good Conduct Prize (1893)

• Round The Red Lamp (1894)

• The Parasite (1894)

• The Stark Munro Letters (1895)

• Songs of Action (1898)

• The Tragedy of The Korosko (1898)

• A Duet (1899)

• The Great Boer War (1900)

• The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard (1903)

• Through the Magic Door (1907)

• The Crime of the Congo (1909)

• The New Revelation (1918)

• The Vital Message (1919)

• Tales of Terror & Mystery (1923)

• The History of Spiritualism (1926)

• The Maracot Deep (1929)

28. “Action literature”. R. Kipling’s works: his poetry (“If”) and novels (“The Jungle Book”, “Kim”)

In literature, action is the principle subject or story. This is as distinguished from an incidental episode. In other words, action is what a character does in a play, short story, or a fiction prose.

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (  /ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ rud-yəd kip-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)^[1] was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book(a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), Just So Stories (1902) (1894), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), The White Man's Burden (1899) and If— (1910). 

The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by British Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling. The stories were first published in magazines in 1893–94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by Rudyard's father, John Lockwood Kipling. Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived in Vermont.^[1]

The tales in the book (and also those in The Second Jungle Book which followed in 1895, and which includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons. The verses of The Law of the Jungle, for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or "heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle."^[2] Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.^[3] The best-known of them are the three stories revolving around the adventures of an abandoned "man cub" Mowgli who is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle. The most famous of the other stories are probably "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi", the story of a heroic mongoose, and "Toomai of the Elephants", the tale of a young elephant-handler. As with much of Kipling's work, each of the stories is preceded by a piece of verse, and succeeded by another.

The Jungle Book, because of its moral tone, came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling after a direct petition of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement, the name being traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.

Kim is a picaresque novel by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in McClure's Magazine from December 1900 to October 1901 as well as in Cassell's Magazine from January to November 1901, and first published in book form by Macmillan & Co. Ltd in October 1901. The story unfolds against the backdrop of The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia. It is set after the Second Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893–98.^[1] The novel is notable for its detailed portrait of the people, culture, and varied religions of India. "The book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming populations, religions, and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars and the road."^[2]

"If—" is a poem written in 1895^[1] by British Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in the "Brother Square Toes" chapter ofRewards and Fairies, Kipling's 1910 collection of short stories and poems. Like William Ernest Henley's "Invictus", it is a memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism and the "stiff upper lip" that popular culture has made into a traditional British virtue.^[2] Its status is confirmed both by the number of parodies it has inspired, and by the widespread popularity it still enjoys amongst Britons. It is often voted Britain's favourite poem.^[3][4] The poem's line, "If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the same" is written on the wall of the Centre Court players' entrance at the British tennis tournament, Wimbledon, and the entire poem was read in a promotional video for the Wimbledon 2008 gentleman's final by Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal