1.Applied Ling: definition and approaches, Ling and Ph

AL (Kibruk) is a part of ling. studies developing the methods for solving the practical tasks related to the optimization of the use of lang. as primary comm. means.

AL is a scientific activity of how to apply the knowledge about lang. structure and functioning to non-ling. scientific disciplines, and to diff. spheres of human activity.

AL gives a theoretical re-thinking for all types of lang. activities. (Baranov)

AL is a science on the borderline between the Humanities and Information Technologies.

AL is a branch of ling., whose main task is to develop automatic and non-automatic technologies for natural Lang. Processing (NLP) to be used in diff. branches of social life.

Two approaches of studying lang:

1. Lang. as a result of an action (static) Philology

2. Lang. as an action itself (dynamic) Linguistics.

Static approach (Philology):

~ Ph. Deals with the study of lang. fixations (lang. “monuments”)

~ Ph. Is closely related to historical linguistics

~ Ph. Concentrates on three written fixations of lang.

~ Ph. Establishes the “normativity approach” to lang. study

Dynamic approach:

~ Lang. activity is studied by Psychology (speech activity, verbal Behavior)

~ Dynamic appr. To ling. defines it as a study of human behavior

~ New perspective: man – ling. – machine

An applied theory may consider lang. from three diff. points of view: 1) how the lang sounds or looks (as a state). As a state lang may be considered as a human thought or human behavior, as a structure, a system of comm. means; 2) how it works (an activity); 3) how it develops (as change).

2.Corpus Linguistics: objectives, types of electronic text corpora. Types of text collection.

Corpus Linguistics is the study of language on the basis of textual of acoustic corpora, always involving computer at some phrase of storage, processing and analysis of this data.

The main task of Corpus Ling is the creation of machine-readable corpora and involving associative computational techniques as the basis for the linguistic investigation.

Computer Corpus Ling focuses its attention on:

1) linguistic performance rather than competence;

2) quantitative and qualitative models of language;

3) linguistic description rather than ling universes;

4) more empiricist view of scientific investigation.

A corpus may be designed to serve as a resource for general purposes or for a more specialized function such as being the resource which is representative of a particular sublanguage.

Atkins distinguished 4 types of text collection in Corpus Linguistics:

1) archive(repository[ripoziteri] electronic texts, not linked in any coordinated way- Oxford text archive); 2) electronic text library- collection of electronic texts in standardized format with certain conventions relating to content, but without strict selectional constraints(обмеження); 3) corpus- a subset of an ETL, built according to explicit criteria for a specific purpose; 4) subcorpus- a subset of a corpus, a static component of a complex corpus or a dynamic selection from a corpus during on line analysis.

Rykova suggests classification of electronic text corpora: 1) according to the degree of organization and structure: electronic record, electronic library, text corpus, subcorpus. 2) according to the chronological criterion: synchronic, diachronic, monitor.3) according to language: monolingual, bilingual, multilingual.