12. Strategies of p. P:

1. Notice. Attend to communicant’s interests, wants, needs and goals. Demonstrates positive, friendly attitude to the partner. Is realized with the help of descriptive epithets to characterize the communicant from the beat side (kind, good, noble, friendly).

2. Exaggerate interest, approval, sympathy with the communicant. Mostly simile and intensifying lexical units are used (incredible, extraordinary).

3. Intensify interest to communicant: if you want to be a good speaker – let your partner speak.

4. Use in-group markers. To demonstrate the equality f the relations (Partner, friends, colleagues)

5. Seek agreement. Aims to decrease the social distance between the communicants and to draw them closer to each other. Conversation on the safe topic – weather, health. Allows the speaker to express the agreement with the other speaker’s point of view- to satisfy his wish to be right. (Ex. I certainly understand your position, but…)

6. Use of repetitions. They indicate that the speaker understands another speaker’s idea and agrees with it.

7. Avoid disagreement/ a white lie. To avoid disagreement the speaker makes his statement far from the direct expression of his ideas (yes, but …, in a way, sort of, to my mind, I mean, I don’t know, but I think…)

8. Offer and promise (you show your concern)

9. Be optimistic. It decreases the categorical character of utterances. In speech it is realized with the help of alternative questions, adverbs, word combinations, united by the semas (sema Hope: to be sure, to hope, no doubt)

10. Include both communicants into activity. Is realized with help of pronoun “we”/ us, let.

11. Give or ask for reasons. Interrogative sentences (Why not? Why didn’t you? Why don’t you?) (Ex. “Why don’t we?)

12. Assume or assert reciprocity. If I do A, you must do B.( Ex. Take it or leave it)

The main idea of Negative P. is to give a communicant a free hand.

9 Strategies of Negative p.:

1. Be conventionally indirect. Demonstrates the distance between the communicants. The aim is to decrease the interference by using indirect ling. means (indirect questions, requests, conditional sentences, modal verbs, adverbs..perhaps, probably)

2. Question hedge/ hedging (to avoid clear answer for a question – хеджування, ухиляння від прямої відповіді). Realizes the speaker’s wish to avoid intrusion in communication with the help of ling. means (I believe, I think, I suppose, adverbs: perhaps, anyhow; hedging phrases, which show the source of information: they say, I here). Using these strategies, speaker shifts the responsibility for the information on the third side and is not responsible for the content of the utterance.

3. Be pessimistic. Presupposes the possibility to give the speaker a free hand. Conditional sentences, negative interrogative s., interrogative s. with a modal predicate.

4. Minimize the imposition. (For a minute, for a little, a while).

5. Give difference. This strategy expresses the speaker’s respectful attitude towards communicant’s needs. Speaker either demeans himself or praises the communicant (usually the communicant is higher in social status). One of the tactics – use of verbs with the meaning of apology (to be sorry, pardon, excuse).

6. Apologize. Is the result of the influence of ethic and socio-cultural notes. Show speaker’s good manner and polite behavior. Use of verb with the meaning of apology (to be sorry, pardon, excuse).

7. Impersonate speaker’s. Forms of passive voice, which gives the speaker the possibility to avoid the responsibility for his words.

8. Don’t impose the ideas. Draws the attention to the situation, demonstrating the distance between the communicants.

9. Use statements of general rules (Ex. Speaker signed the contract).