- •1. Planning Business Letter
- •10 Requirements:
- •Classification of Business Letters
- •Business Letter Format and Letter Style
- •English as International Language of Business Communication
- •6.Inference and interpretation
- •7. .Iconocity and its properties. Markedness
- •8. Categorial principles of pragmatics and conventional rules of grammar (linguistic postulates)
- •9. Categories and categorization in cognitive linguistics.
- •10. Сriteria of Markedness
- •11. Survey: field, boundary, elevation
- •1.Applied Ling: definition and approaches, Ling and Ph
- •2.Corpus Linguistics: objectives, types of electronic text corpora. Types of text collection.
- •3.Automatic natural ling. Analyses: tagging, parsing
- •1.The notion of genre and style
- •4.Publicistic Style
- •Postmodernism as a trend in lit
- •3. Game as an aesthetic principle
- •4. Parables
- •1.Communicative strategies of ibd
- •2.Positive and negative politeness in ibd
- •Strategies of p. P:
- •9 Strategies of Negative p.:
- •3. Lexical aspects of ibd
- •4) Payment
- •5) Quality of goods
1.Communicative strategies of ibd
The speech influence is realized by means of communicative strategies and tactics.
The strategy of speech influence spreads over the whole sphere of IBD, including the planning of the communicative process and the realization of this plan.
From the functional point of view, all the strategies are subdivided into main and subsidiary. The main strategy is the most important at a certain stage of the communicative influence. Subsidiary strategies contribute to the effective organization of c. interaction. The c. strategy includes: 1) The choice of the main speech intention (to enquire information, to order the goods); 2) The choice of specific lang. means, correspondent to the c. situations; 3) The determination of the amount of information; 4) The determination of the order of c. acts; 5) The choice of a certain c. behavior.
The main task of c. tactic is to change the situation, it’s parameters and development in the way, necessary for participants. As IBD is the complicated c. event, including the text and extra linguistic factors, strategies are oriented to it’s different aspects. Strategies are distinguished as:
Discourse strategies. They direct the procedure of IBD (it’s beginning, continuation, finishing). Realization of discourse strategies is performed by tactics: by means of the structural elements of the text (universal signals of beginning and finishing of the text, change of roles, involving the participants into the negotiations).
Realization of rhetorical strategies is connected with the influence of the participant’s psychology with the process of problem solving and taking decisions. Rh. Strategies are oriented to the choice, allowing the communicants reach the aim.
Other linguists distinguish 3 other strategies: Presentation, Manipulation, Convention.
Presentation is a message, directed to interaction; Manipulation is realized by advertisement and promotion; Convention is directed to projecting and strategy.
So, all c. strategies and tactics in IBD are connected with the inducement of the communicant to start, to change or to finish any activity with the influence on his decision.
Strategic competence is based upon the principle of cooperation, suggested by Grice.
He proposed 4 basic maxims of conversation: of quality (do not say what u believe to be false), of quantity(make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary), of relation (be relevant), manner (avoid abscurity of expression,avoid ambiguity/двозначність, be brief, be orderly/впорядкований).
2.Positive and negative politeness in ibd
IBD is closely connected with such notion as Politeness. P.is analysed as a set of strategies or speech models, which are accepted by communicants as normative in a certain social group. P. is the expression of the speaker’s intention to mitigate (пом'якшувати) face threats (social image of the person) carried by a certain face threatening towards another. Face is the public self-image.
Negative F. is characterized by the desire not to be imposed upon
Positive F. is characterized by the desire to be liked, admired.
P. is realized through strategies of positive and negative P., which are used to make the communicants feel good about themselves, their interests and possessions (самовладання).