19. Strategies for essay writing.

Narration as the writing strategy, its purposes and main characteristics. Description (naming, detailing, comparing) as the writing strategy, its purposes and main characteristics.

1. Narration presents a sequence of actions taking place of a period of time. More typical for relative writing. Academic writing are not so often.

2. Description is a writing strategy which uses naming, detailing and comparing.

Naming – answers the questions: What is it? What are part? What are…? It’s based on ability of observation.

Detailing – adds modifiers to the names, adjectives, phrases and clauses which makes them more specific by giving additional information about them. You answer such questions as: What size is it? What is it made of? Where is it located? What is it condition? etc

Comparing – uses simile and metaphor. A simile expresses similarity by using like/as. metaphor expresses a thing as thought it were the other.

20. A classification essay.

Main characteristics and features of a classification essay. Classification and division as a means of information organization. Guidelines for a correct classification. Consistency, exclusiveness of division. Means to maintain unity in classification essays. Techniques for adding coherence to classification essays.

Classification essay is the process of making categories, grouping items that have certain characteristics.

The main characteristics and features of a classification essay are: effective classification of subjects which author wants to discuss, logical way and single way of organization of this classification, using examples to prove classification.

Classification in the essay classifies the topic which we discuss into categories according to the subject’s quality.

Division is a more small unit of classification than a categories. It can be used for more prominent and distinctive classification.

Guidelines for a correct classification:

1. Sort things into useful categories.

2. Make sure all the categories follow a single organizing principle.

3. Give examples that fit into each category.

Classification requires more than a list of categories. When you classify something you follow the certain order and principle of organization. You must not confuse major and minor categories, you should follow recommendations:

1. Use only one basis at time.

2. Choose a basis constant with your reader and purposes.

3. Avoid overlap (совпадение, пересечение) (one item should be placed in one category).

4. Be inclusive. Try to include all the categories.

5. Arrange the categories in a logical order (time, space, importance).

21. A process essay.

Main characteristics and features of a classification essay. Instructional and analytical process essays. The purpose/s of a process essay introduction. Chronology and causality in process descriptions. Conclusion in a process essay and its purpose. Making a process essay unifies. Order of information and transition expressions as the basis of process essay coherence.

The author uses process to explain steps or stages in process or procedure.

A process essay is organized chronologically that is in order of time. It describes steps and stages that follow each other in time. They can be up in two types: Instructional and Analytical. Instructional process essays are “how to” essays. They instruct the reader about how to do something. The reader is taught how to recreate a process. Analytical process essays tell the steps of how something works, or how something happen or happens. They don’t give direction for readers to follow. Analytical essays are very often used in academic writing. The reader thinks about the purpose, but it is not to recreate it.

The structure of process essay contains the following components:

1. A general introduction that tells the reader «what the process is» and «what it is used from».

2. A step by step description of the process.

3. A conclusion that summarizes the description and tells «how the steps work together».

As with other essay introductions it’s names the topic: the purpose to be described. It also gives information about essay’s organization. The thesis statement is usually direct. The most effective “hook”

for process statement is funnel method. In writing introduction get ready to answer the following questions:

1. What is the process?

2. What is it function?

3. Where and when does it takes place?

4. Who or what performs it?

5. How does it work?

6. What are it’s principal steps?

The body of the process description describes each major step as it was in process. Although the sentences in the paragraph should be chronological. This text should be causely connected.

These sentences must be presented in present tense while it is described in historical past.

Process essay don’t require a long conclusion. The conclusion should bring the essay to an end and discuss the result. A short paragraph is summarizing the principal steps is all that needed.

Unity in process essay is sometimes a real challenge. You process should be complete and not to leave out any important steps. make sure you don’t have more information than need and be careful not to have irrelevant material.

Coherence in process of essay involves the order of information. Writers must present the steps in process essay in the correct or chronological order. It is a specially important in a structural process essay, in which the reader should recreate the process.

Transiton expressions (переходные связующие): 2^nd, 3^rd, next, now, then, finally – signal step after step, in a process are used as an adverbs. Usually come at the beginning of the sentence and should be followed by comma (запятая). No comma is needed at the middle or at the end of a sentence.

Before, after, once, as soon as, while – signal chronological order of the steps, which come before, after or at the same time, at others are used as adverb clauses.