12. Sentence unity within a paragraph.

Requirements for a sentence to be unified. Coordination and subordination within a sentence. Grammatical constructions for coordination and subordination.

13. The essay as the key unit of academic writing.

Definition of an essay, principles of essay classification. Basic signals to guide readers through an essay.

Most academic writing is longer than 1 paragraph. Paragraphs are building blocks of essays. An essay is a group of paragraphs about one topic. A good essay is unified and coherence.

Essay – a large unified and coherent unit of academic writing with a group of paragraphs which support one topic.

Unity and coherence are achieved with the same techniques. To guide readers through and essay, a writer usually uses 4 signals:

1. Thesis and forecasting (прогнозирование) statements. To orient the readers to ideas and organization.

2. Paragraphing. To group related ideas and details.

3. Cohesive devices (связующие способы) to connect ideas.

4. Transitions to signal shifts (смещения) in meaning.

Principles of essay classification: academic, descriptive, narrative, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, classification, dialectic, illustration essays.

14. Major structural parts of an essay.

An introduction, its purposes and main characteristics. An essay body, its purposes and main characteristics. A conclusion, its purposes and main characteristics.

Introduction. Essay’s introduction contains some general statements about the essay topic and its statement or it’s main idea. The function of the Introduction is to serve as a 'map' of the essay, outlining to your reader the main argument and points which you develop in your essay.

Body. The body of the essay is usually presented in several paragraphs. The function of the essay's body is to fully develop the argument outlined in the introduction. Each paragraph must include a topic sentence, which is often the first sentence in the paragraph. Information in each paragraph of the body should describe a topic sentence and can be situated either at the beginning or at the end of the paragraph.

Conclusion. Conclusion is the last part of the essay. The main purposes are:

1. To signal the end of the essay.

2. To add coherence by summarizing or resulting the essay subjects.

3. To add coherence by re-standing the essay thesis.

4. To leave the reader with writer’s final opinion.

5. To make a suggestion about the topic of the essay.

You should never begin discussing or introduction in the conclusion or it would break the unity of the essay.

См. больше в следующих темах

15. The purpose/s of the essay thesis statement.

Two kinds of thesis statement Direct and indirect statements.

The thesis statement presents the topic and the controlling idea from the whole essay.

It is a guide to: 1^st to the purpose and corresponding organization of structure of the essay; 2^nd the writer’s point of view about the topic.

The writers can use two kinds of thesis statements:

1. The standart statement which declares the main point. It’s usually a single sentence.

2. Forecasting statement, which not only identify the topic but also gives you over view of the essay.

Sometimes thesis statements include sub-topics. Later every sub-topic makes separate paragraph.

The thesis statement is the key to the essay without which it’s difficult to get the meaning.

Thesis statement can be direct or indirect.

Direct – (пересказываю со слов одногрупницы)) a statement in which author describes only the main idea and purposes of an essay.

Indirect – gives more than only general information and supplies the essay with additional facts and details or don’t gives general information and just gives main information in disconnected way.