23. Cause/effect essay.

Main characteristics and features. Forward/backward, inductive/deductive reasoning. Methods of a cause/effect essay organization. Relationship between causes and effects to achieve essay unity. Thansition expressing creating coherence.

Academic writing often involves cause and effect reasoning.

The use of cause effect essay is the way to answer the questions: 1. What will be effect(s) of? 2. What cause?

Sometimes your reason forward from cause to effect. You focus on what causes something and what the effects are sometimes you may reason backwards from effect to cause.

In inductive reasoning the writer moves from specific-to general by adding a number of facts and coming to a conclusion. In deductive reasoning the writer moves from general to specific.

You can organize a cause/effect essay according to the information which you want to present. You can focus on:

1. Only causes of something leading to one effect.

2. Only the effects resulting from one cause.

3. More than one cause leading to one effect.

4. A chain of causes leading to effect.

Unity. A cause/effect essay should focus on one topic and explain cause/effects that are relevant (соотносятся) to that topic. To achieve unity you should clearly show the relationship between causes and effects what you are presenting.

Coherence is created with the help of transition expressions:

1. Because/as/since + subject + verb

They introduce a cause.

2. Therefore, consequently, thus.

Show the result of something.

24. A reaction essay.

Main characteristics and features of a reaction essay. A stimulus for a reaction essay. Unity in reaction essays. Options to present background information. Key terms, pronouns, synonyms as the means to create coherence in reaction essays. Sentence variety.

Common a reaction essay is for any academic discipline.

The writer is usually gives a prompt, a visual or stimulus to think about and respond to. A prompt can be any number of things: a unit from a test-book, a piece of literature, a theory, a song, a picture, an article, a television program, a lecture etc.

The prompt is used to generate the reaction essay. A reaction essay focuses on the writer’s feelings, opinions and personal observations about the particular prompt.

Unity in reaction essays it is important to give the reader some background information about the prompt before the react to it. This background helps the reader in understanding what you are reacting to. It is important to maintain objective sort in the background information.

Body of the essay will focus on your personal reaction, but you should always begin with objective background information.

Background information varies based on the type of stimulus you are reacting to:

1. Description. If you are reacting to a visual prompt, the background information is usually a physical description of the item.

2. Summary. If you are reacting to a written prompt, you can give a summary of information in the introduction. Present the most important elements and follow the order of the original.

3. Facts. If you are reacting to a historical event or a theory, give functional information about it: specific dates, actions and circumstances.

In reaction essay, you create coherence with key terms, pronouns and synonyms.

1. Repeating key terms helps readers stay focused on the subjects you are discussing.

3. Using a pronoun to refer to a previous noun or a noun phrase helps readers follow the slow (поток) of the information and males your essay coherent.

3. Synonyms help to avoid unnecessary repetition of information. Repeating the same phrases and words can make your essay dull and repetitive. To check for the sentence variety you should read it aloud. The main ways to create sentence variety are:

- coordination

- subordination

- use of relative pronouns

- use of preposition phrases

25. An argumentative essay.

The purpose of an argumentative essay. Basic argumentative strategies (making claims, offering supporting reasons and evidence, handling counterarguments). The main kinds of evidence (facts, statistics, authorities, anecdotes, scenarios, cases, textual evidence).

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26. Developing an argumentative essay.

The meaning of word “issue”. Introductions in argumentative essays: recommended introduction techniques; what should be included into 1^st paragraph. Methods of organization of argumentative essays. Transition expressions, prepositional phrases, noun clauses. Logical fallacies.

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27. Paraphrasing as a means to avoid plagiarism in academic writing.

What is paraphrasing. What is the purpose of paraphrasing. The sources of information. The 2 ways to use borrowed information. The difference between the original information and paraphrase.

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28. Summarizing as a means to avoid plagiarism in academic writing.

What is a summary. Shat is the purpose of summarizing. What par of the original information is used in a summary. Main operations summarizing includes. The recommendations to produce a correct summary of a source.

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29. Synthesizing as a means to avoid plagiarism in academic writing.

What is synthesizing. What is the purpose of synthesizing. Basic steps for synthesizing.

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30. Unity and coherence as a basic characteristics of an essay.

Basic characteristics of a unified and coherent essay. The essay thesis statement and the essay unity. Sequence and connections of the essay paragraphs.

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