III. Characteristics of the credit system in the market relations.

3.1. The essence of the credit system of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Credit system - a set of credit relationships that exist in the country, forms and methods of credit, banks or other lending institutions that organize and carry out this kind of relationship.

The credit system is an integral and important part of the economy of any country, since its operation depends on the shape and dynamics of the development of the country, and especially in economic terms.

Credit system in the narrow sense - a network of financial institutions that organize credit and settlement relationships governing the circulation of money and providing other financial services in the country.

Financial and credit institutions at the country level are divided into central banks, commercial banks and specialized financial and credit institutions (credit institutions). All of these are examples of how intertwined the monetary and credit system.

There are two links in the credit system: banking institutions - banks and para-bank institutions.

Banks - Credit institutions that perform most of the credit and financial services and therefore are universal (commercial banks, investment, savings, mortgages, land, etc.).

Para-banking system is formed by specialized credit financial and postal savings institutions, focused on the implementation of the range of financial services or maintenance of a certain type of clientele (pawn shops, insurance and investment companies, leasing, factoring companies, private pension funds, clearing funds). The basis of the credit system is the banking system, which carries the main burden of credit and financial services for the entire economic turnover. The subjects of the relationship may make commercial organizations, the population of the state, the banks themselves. At each credit-market entity can act in two persons as the lender and the borrower.

Credit may act in a commodity (trade credit) and cash (cash loan) form.

When cash loan lender is a bank or other credit institution undertakes to provide funds (credit) to the borrower in the amount and on the terms specified in the agreement, and the borrower agrees to repay the amount and pay interest on it.

Credit in the form of commodities implies temporary transfer to the value in the form of a particular thing, some generic features. When the commodity form of a loan lender is a frequent speaker company.

In the present conditions prevailing monetary form of credit. It is provided and repaid in cash. In the credit transaction is no equivalent of commodity-money exchange, and there is a transfer of value over time using the condition return after a certain time, and paying interest on it.

No credit support can not be achieved rapidly and becoming civilized farmers, small and medium-sized businesses, the introduction of other types of business on the domestic and external economic environment.

3.2. The functions and structure of the credit system of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Credit system from the point of view of the institutional, is a set of monetary and financial institutions are actively used by the state to regulate the economy. Credit system mediates the whole mechanism of social reproduction and a powerful factor of production concentration and centralization of capital, contributes to the rapid mobilization of available funds and their use in the economy.

Cooperative Credit System is a complex, multi-tier structure. If the basis for the classification take the nature of services that credit institutions provide their clients, we can distinguish three major elements of the modern credit system: the National Bank, commercial banks, specialized credit institutions (insurance, savings, mortgage, trust, etc.)

In accordance with the functional specialization, volume and quantity of the economic links of credit and financial services to the core of the credit system of the banking system, as a single body for coordinating the activities of credit institutions is the National Bank.

Credit functions: redistribution, creation of credit instruments of treatment, reproductive and stimulating

Thanks to the redistributive function of the temporary redistribution of the released amount. It can be carried out at the level of enterprises, industry, government (national economy), the world economy (the world economy). Redistribution is subject to conditions refund.

The function of credit creation tools treatment is associated with the occurrence of the banking system. With the ability to deposit money in bank accounts, the development of non-cash payments, offset mutual obligations created credit means of calculation and payment.

The incentive function of credit is manifested in the development of production capabilities without the presence of its own funds. Thanks to the loan companies have a powerful incentive for further development.

Forms of credit

Commercial loan. It is a loan provided by companies, associations and other economic entities to each other. Commercial credit provided in the form of commodities primarily by postponing payment is made in most cases, a promissory note. Bill - a security that represents a single bond of the holder at maturity to pay a certain sum of money to the owner of the bill.

There are five main ways of providing trade credit:

1. way bill;

2. open account;

- discount upon payment of a definite time;

- seasonal credit;

- consignment.

But it is limited by the size of the reserve fund of the lending company, being presented in the form of commodities, it can not, for example, be used for the payment of wages, and can not be represented only by companies producing means of production, the companies that consume them, and vice versa. This limitation is overcome by the development of bank credit.

Bank credit is one of the most common forms of credit relations in the economy, the object of which appears in the process of transferring the loan funds. Bank credit appears exclusively by financial institutions. In the role of the borrower are legal entities, credit relations tool is a credit agreement. Income on this form of loan the bank receives in the form of interest on loans or bank interest.