Theme 13: The investigation of midbrain, reticular formation, in physiologic functions regulation

Question for Speech and Test control.

1. The structure and factions of the medulla oblongata and the pons, their role in the processes of regulating the muscular tension, movements and functions of the vegetative systems.

2. Reflex of the medulla oblongata (bulbar reflexes), their differences from the spinal reflexes.

3. The descending conduction tracts and their role regulating the alpha and gamma motoneurones activity.

4. The tonic labyrinthine reflex and the role of the vestibular apparatus (receptors sacculus and utriculus) in regulating the tonus and postures.

5. The structure of the midbrain: the significance of the conductive and reflex functions. The midbrain centers.

6. Reflex of the midbrain: static and statokinetic, righting reflexes (labyrinth and neck). Role of the semicircular canals in keeping balance, measuring the rate and the angle of movement.

7. The role of the midbrain in regulating the stereotype unvoluntary movements. The reflexes of the midbrain their characteristics and mechanisms. Vestibular mechanisms of stabilizing the eyeballs.

8. Distinctions of the mesencephalic reflexes from the spinal and bulbar ones.

9. The role of the metencephalon and the midbrain in providing the postures (the role of the vestibular nuclei, red nuclei, reticular formation). Decerebral rigidity, mechanisms of its origin.

10. The structure and the functions of thalamus, its role in regulating movements.

11. The function of the reticular formation of the truncus cerebri: the ascending and the descending influences, the integrative role. Merguns and Morutsis works.

Questions for Written Answer.

1. Name the centers of the medulla oblongata, describe their functional significance.

2. Name the centers of the midbrain and describe their functions.

3. Name the thalamus nuclei and describe their functions.

4. Describe reflexes, regulating the muscular tension, the role of the spinal, the bulbar and the mesencephalic structures in regulating the muscular tension.

5. Describe the structure and functions of the thalamus.

6. Draw the scheme of relation of the bulbar nuclei with the nuclei of the midbrain.

7. Describe the role of the lamina tecti (mesencephalic) tuber in the reflex action of the midbrain.

8. Describe the role of the red nucleus and the black substance in regulating the muscular tension.

9. Describe the participation of the reticular formation of the truncus cerebri in formatting the whole action of the organism.

Curriculum of the Practical Studies.

1. Studying the disturbances of the postures and movements in the animal after the removal of the cerebellum.

2. Studying the role of the different sections of the frog’s brain in the formation of the muscular tension and the phase movements.

Theme 14. The investigation of cerebellum, basal gangles, in physiologic functions regulation

Questions for Speech and test control.

1. The functional characteristic and the connecting of the basal ganglion (caudate nucleus, pale globe) with the other structures of the brain.

2. The role of the basal ganglion in the organization and the realization of the motor programs.

3. The interaction of the basal ganglion with the thalamus, black substance and the other structures of the brain.

4. The neuromediators in the system of the basal nuclei, their physiologic role.

5. The symptoms of the basal nuclei injury.

6. The descending condition tracts: extrapyramidal (corticonuclear, nucleospinal) and pyramidal (corticospinal) lateral and ventral. The role of the descending tracts in regulating the functions of the skeletal muscles as well as the muscles of the proximal and the distal sections of the limbs.

7. The origin and the development of the motor reflexes in a fetus, forming the movements in children.

8. The functional structural organization of the cerebellum, its afferent and the efferent connections and their physiologic role.

9. The interactions between the cerebellar cortex, the cerebellar and the vestibular nuclei.

10. The role of the cerebellum in the movements in the processes of studying.

11. The symptoms of the cerebellum injuries.

Questions for Written Answer.

1. Describe the basal nuclei and their functional significance.

2. Draw the scheme of the connections and the interactions of the brain.

3. Name the clinical manifestations of the basal nuclei injuries.

4. Describe the mechanism of regulating the voluntary movements of a man. The functional system of the voluntary movements.

5. Describe the age changes of the motor functions in a man.

6. Draw the neuronic organization of the cerebellar cortex and its connections with the cerebellar nuclei.

7. Name the after - effects of the cerebellum removal or its half in the animals and explain the mechanisms of their origin.

8. Name the after – effects of the cerebellum injury in a man and explain their pathophysiologic mechanisms.

Curriculum of the Practical Studies.

1. Studying the disturbances of the postures and movements in the animal after the removal of the cerebellum.