Contents of submodule 4.

The Role of the CNS in Regulating the Motor Functions.

Specific Aims

1. To know the structure of the motor system of the organism, the structures of the different levels of the CNS and their formation, clinical and experimental methods of investigating the functions of the CNS and the significance of these methods for the practical work of a doctor. The age features of regulating the motor functions, the structure of the reflex ach of the motor reflex which are locked on the deferent levels of the CNS.

2. Analyze the regulated parameter of the motor reflex and mechanisms of action of the receptors as the watching arrangements, mechanisms of influencing the structures of the forebrain, truncus cerebri of the activity of the motor systems of the spinal cord.

3. Make conclusions about conditions of the motor functions of the organism – postures, locomotions of the motor reflex which appear after the transversal section at the different levels of the CNS and in the damage of the motor structures.

4. Make conclusions about states of the motor systems of the organism, which unite the structures of the different levels of the CNS and of their organization.

5. Make conclusions about functions of the motor reflexes which are locked at the different levels of the CNS, of the state of the CNS conductive ways, estimate their role in providing sensory and motor functions.

6. Explain the role of the cerebral cortex and limbic system in forming the systemic activity of the organism.

7. Physiologic foundation of the electroencephalography.

Theme 12. The investigation of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Questions for Speech and Test Control

1. Functions of the spinal cord.

2. The role of the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord.

3. The conductive function of the spinal cord, its role in regulating the motor functions.

4. The motor systems of spinal cord, its organization and mechanisms of coordination (convergention, divergence, irradiation)

5. The role of the spinal cord in regulating the muscular tension.

6. Physiologic characteristic of proprioreceptors: muscular spindles, their structure and functions,

7. Tendinous receptors of Golgi, their functions, reflexes of the tendinous receptors.

8. Classification of the spinal cord reflexes.

9. The role of the spinal cord in regulating the muscular tension.

10. Reflexes of distension, their reflex arches, functions of the gamma-loop.

11. The role of the distension reflexes in regulating the tension (tonic reflexes) and the length of the muscles (phase reflexes)

12. Consequences of the spinal cord section at the different levels in the animals or the damages in a man.

Questions for Written Control

1. Name the spinal cord reflexes. Give their classification.

2. Characterize tendinous, musculocutaneous and visceromuscular reflexes.

3. Draw the scheme of the reflex arch of the knee and Achilles reflexes.

4. Name the centers of the spinal cord, their location and their role.

5. Draw the structure of the muscular spindles and their function with the muscular fibers.

6. Draw the structure of the tendinous receptors of Golgi and their function with the muscular fibers

7. Draw the alpha and the gamma loops of the spinal cord describe their significance.

8. Name with what structures of the brain the tonic reflexes are connected. Describe the clinical significance of investigating the spinal reflexes.

9. Name conduction tracts of the spinal cord, their functional significance.

10. Describe Brown–Séquard syndrome in damaging the half of the spinal cord in a man.

11. Describe the symptoms of the spinal shock and the causes of its origin.

Curriculum of the Practical Studies.

1. Study the spinal reflexes in a spinal frog.

2. Study the tendinous spinal reflexes in a man (knee, Achilles tendon with the tendon of the biceps muscle of the shoulder.)

3. Study the skin pelmatic reflex in a man.

4. Study the pupillary reflex in a men.