Practical abilities of Module 1

Module 1: General Physiology.

1. Draw the processes which take place in the excited structures.

2. Draw the schemes of the structure and explain the outlines of the biological regulation.

3. Draw the schemes of the structure and explain the outliner of the biological regulation.

4. Draw the schemes explain mechanisms of developing the processes of excitation and inhibition in the CNS.

5. Draw the schemes, explain mechanisms of the processes of summation and coordination reflexes.

6. Draw the schemes of the structure and explain the reflex arches of the motor reflexes on all the levels of the CNS. Explain the structure of the conduction tracts which provide the interaction of the different levels of the CNS.

7. Draw the schemes of the structure and explain the reflex arches of the autonomic reflexes, which provide the regulation of the visceral functions.

8. Draw the schemes and explain mechanisms of the influence of the different hormones on the target cells and regulating their secretion.

9. Draw the schemes and explain mechanisms of regulating the visceral functions in participating the different hormones.

10. To draw the scheme of a structure of specific channels of transfer of an information in sensory systems and to explain mechanisms of shaping of appropriate sensations and images of an external environment.

11. To draw the scheme, that explains shaping the biological forms of a behaviour and to treat mechanisms each from it of stages, role emotions in a behaviour.

The List of Questions to the 1st Module Control

Module 1. General Physiology and HNA.

Contents of submodule 1: Introduction into Physiology.

1. Physiology as a science. The notion about functions. Methods of physiologic investigations.

2. The formation and the development of physiology in the XIX^th century

3. Contribution of the works of I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlov, P. K. Anohin, P.Y. Kostyuk into the development of world physiology.

4. The Ukrainian physiologic school.

Content of submodule 2. General Physiology of the Excited Tissues.

1. The potential of rest, the origin mechanism, its parameters, the physiologic role.

2. The potential of action, the origin mechanisms, its parameters, the physiologic role.

3. Excitability. The critical level of depolarization, the threshold of depolarization of cellular membrane.

4. The change of the cell excitability during the development of the potential of action.

5. The importance of parameters of the electric impulses for the excitement conductivity.

6. Mechanisms of the excitement conductivity through the nervous fibres.

7. The natural phenomena of the excitement conductivity through the nervous fibres.

8. Mechanisms of the excitement transmission though the neuromuscular synapse.

9. Conjugating the excitement and the contraction. Mechanisms of contracting and relaxing the skeletal muscles.

10. Types of the muscular contractions: solitary and titanic; isotonic and isometric.

Contents of submodule 3. Nervous Regulation of the Organism Functions.

1. Biological regulation its species and significance for the organism. Outlines of the biological regulation. The role of the reserve connection in the regulation.

2. Reflex. The structure of the reflex arch and functions of its parts. Mechanisms of developing the process of excitation though the reflex arch.

3. Receptors, their classification, mechanisms of excitation.

4. Proprioreceptors, their species, functions. The structure and functions of the muscular spindle.

5. Mechanisms and the natural phenomena of the excitement conductivity in the central synapses.

6. Species of the central inhibition. Mechanisms of developing the presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition.

7. Summation of the excitement and inhibition by the neurons of the CNS.

Contents of submodule 4: The Role of the CNS in Regulating the Motor Functions.

1. The motor reflex of the spinal cord, their reflex arches, physiologic significance.

2. The conductive function of the spinal cord. Dependency of the spinal reflexes from the activity of the brain centers. The spinal shock.

3. The motor reflexes of the metencephalon, decerebrate rigidity.

4. The motor reflexes of the midbrain, their physiologic significance.

5. Cerebellum, its functions, symptoms of lesion.

6. Thalamus, its functions.

7. The limbic system, hypothalamus, its functions.

8. The basal nuclei, their functions, symptoms of the lesion.

9. Sensor, associative and motor zones of the brain, their functions.

10. The interaction of the different levels of the CNS in regulating the motor functions. The functional structure of the voluntary movement. Age changes of the motor functions.

Contents of subodule 5: The Role of the Autonomous Nervous System

1. The general scheme of the structure of the autonomous nervous system. The autonomous reflex, their reflex arches.

2. Synapses of the autonomous nervous system their mediators, cytoreceptors and blocks of the excitement transmission in synapses.

3. The influence of the sympatic nervous system on the visceral functions.

4. The influence of the parasympatiс nervous system on the visceral functions.

5. The role of the metasympatic system in regulating the visceral functions.

6. The unity of the sympatic and parasympatic systems in regulating the physiological functions.

7. The role of cortex hemispheres in regulating the vegetative functions.

Contents of submodule 6: Humoral Regulating of the Visceral Functions and the Role of Endocrine Glands in Mechanisms of Their Regulation.

1. The humoral regulation its differences from the nervous one. The characteristic of factors of the humoral regulation.

2. The characteristic of hormones their primary influences. Mechanisms of influencing hormones on the target cells.

3. The outline of the humoral regulation. Regulation of the hormones secretion by the endocrine glands.

4. The role of the hypothalamo- hypophysial system in regulation the work of the endocrine glands.

5. The role of somatotropin thyroxin, triiodothyronine and insulin in regulating the processes of psychical, physical development of the organism and the linear stature of the body.

6. The role of calcitonin, calcitriol, parathormone in regulating the concentration constancy of ions of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.

7. The role of hormones of pancreas in regulating the organism functions.

8. The role of hormones of thyroid gland (T3-T4) in regulating the organism functions.

9. Physiology of the female genital system, its functions, cyclic productions and the role of the sex hormones.

10. Physiology of the male genital system, the role of the sex hormones.

11. The general notion about unspecific adaptation of the organism to the stress situation. The role of hormones in unspecific adaptation.

12. The role of sympathoadrenal system in regulating unspecific adaptation of the organism to the stress situation.

13. The role of hypophysial adrenal system in regulating unspecific adaptation of the organism to the stress situation.

14. The role and mechanisms of specific adaptation.

Contents of submodule 7: Analyzers.

1. Sensory systems, their structure and functions.

2. Olfactory sensory system, it a structure, functions, methods of a research.

3. Test sensory system, it a structure and functions.

4. Somatosensorial system, it a structure and functions.

5. Physiological mechanisms of a pain.

6. Opiate and unopiate antinociceptorial systems of an organism and their significance.

7. Physiological mechanisms of painless.

8. Acoustical sensory system, it a structure and functions.

9. Functions external and average ear. Internal ear, frequent analysis of beeps.

10. Visual sensory system, it a structure and functions.

11. Main visual functions and methods of their research.

Contents of submodule 8: HNA.

1. The biological forms of behaviour. The inherent forms of behaviour.

2. Instincts, their physiological role.

3. Bought forms of behaviour. Conditions of formation of conditional reflexes, their differences from unconditional.

4. Memory, kinds and mechanisms of formation.

5. Need and motivation, their role in shaping of behaviour.

6. Emotions, mechanisms of shaping, biological role.

7. Functions of new cortex of a head brain and highest nervous activity (HNA) of the person.

8. Biological and information theory of emotions, their role in shaping of behaviour the person.

9. Functional asymmetry of cortex of large hemispheres of a head brain, it integrative function,

10. Speech, its function, physiological fundamentals of it formation.

11. Thinking. Development of abstract thinking at the person. A role of brain structures during thinking.

12. Types of HNA of the person Temperaments and character of the person.

13. Age aspects of HNA at the person.

14. Physiological fundamentalses of working activity of the person.

15. Feature of a physical and mental work. Optimal modes of a work.

16. Physiological mechanisms of a fatigue. Active rest and it mechanisms.

17. Age modifications of workability of the person.

18. Physiological fundamentalses of sports. Principles of construction of optimum modes trainings.

19. Sleep, it types, phases, electrical activity of a cortex, physiological mechanisms.