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A nation’s standard of living is measured by the amount of goods and services available to its citizens. One way to calculate living standard is to divide total production ( the gross national product) by the population ( Production %Population=per capital GNP). When production is increasing faster than the population, more goods and services are available per person, and living standards are likely to improve. Productivity is a measure of how efficiently we work. To measure productivity, economists determine the amount of goods and services produced for every unit of input. Input can be any resources that goes into the production process. Productivity is usually measured in terms of output per worker per hour. Among the principal ingredients of productivity are the education and training of workers. Well-educated and skilled workers perform their tasks more efficiently than those who are unskilled or poorly educated.

To use machinery efficiently, producers must also use division of labor – the practice of breaking down large, complex tasks into a series of small ones so that each worker can become an expert in his or her particular task. To an economist, everything that takes place between production and consumption falls into a category of marketing. Marketing, then, includes the activities that bring the buyers and sellers together. Marketing includes buying and selling, transporting and storing, product planning, market research product support, customer service, financing and other activities.

ІІІ. Що б Ви могли розповісти про сільське господарство Великобританії?

І. Лексико-граматичний тест:

1. The shop assistant asked Jane to pay______cash.

a) in c) with

b) by d) for

2. In most shops you can pay______credit card.

a) in c) with

b) by d) for

3. Susan was afraid of travelling______sea, so we had to go

______my car.

a) on, by c) by, in

b) at, in d) in, by

4. Can you see any disadvantages______living in the city?

a) at c) in

b) for d) to

5. The behaviour of the aggressive fans caused serious dam­age ______the city centre.

a) of c) to

b) for d) in

6. Jane showed me her wonderful drawings______the sea.I think she has a great talent.

a) at c) for

b) of d) in

7. Mary feels deeply sorry______homeless pets.

a) for b) with

c) about d) of

8. Many people are shocked______ the truth they hear about themselves.

a) with c) in

b) by d) about

9. It was generous______the headmaster to give us expen­sive presents.

a) for c) of

b) to d) about

10. Although Jane was very nervous______the exam, she was able to concentrate.

a) about c) at b) for d) to