27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
Neologisms are new words or word combinations which are created to name new objects or express new concepts. A new word is created in speech, by a group of people or by one person only. If it doesn’t break the norms of the language it may be come a unit of the general language and then it is registered in dictionaries. EG: the word “nylon” is a new word of the 50th. It is a name of the synthetic material, when this material was produced there was a compition for the best name for it. And the word “nylon” one the competition. This word is an absolute neologism, because it is not motivated.
An other absolute neologism was introduced by Y.Swift “Lilliput”. It entered the English vocabulary and then it was borrowed into other languages and became an international word.
There are also new words used by the speaker or the writer just once in some particular context.
EG: a we-are-for-peace-and-friendship-meeting.
New words are created according to productive pattons of word-building. EG:
by affixation: a non-teacher (персонал школы, но не преподы)
by shortening: see-lab
by blanding
28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
The Eng. language. exists in the form of its varieties. It is the national language of England proper, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and some part of Canada.
Within these countries the Eng. languge also has some peculiar features. EG: in Walles, in Scotland and so on. We distinguish regional varieties of the language and local dialects.
Original variety is the language spoken in some definite place, it has a literary form of its own. We speak about AE, BE,… A local dialect is that variety of the language which is used as a means of oral communication mostly and it doesn’t have a litteraly norm of its own. We treat AE as original variety of English. It’s not a separate language because it shares similar features with BE in the fields of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. AE has a literary norm of its own which differs it from BE so, it can not be a dialect of BE either.
American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
Phonetic. the differences in the field of phonetics are confined to the characteristics of some phonemes and to the differences in the rhythm and intonation. EG: the sound [эe] is used for [a:] in a great many words class, desk, dance. The sound [r] became vocalized. It’s pronounced with the sound [э:] in the words “bird”, “world”, speaking about the rhythm we can say that there is a shift of stress in the words like necessary, dictionary.
In the field of intonation low head is peculiar to AE which is often follow by a low raising tone.
Grammatical peculiar features are not numerous; some of them stop being peculiar erities they are also met in BE. 1) the use of the verb “will” for “shell” in the 1st person sing in future simple. 2) the substitution of the past simple for present perfect. I saw this movie. (AE) I have seen this movie (BE) 3) different of the past participle are used in BE and AE. EG I have got (BE) I have gotten (AE) 4) the use of the auxiliary verb “do” with the verb to have in all its meanings EGL: do you have a sister (AE) Have you a sister? (BE)
Vocabulary (lexic) – most striking peculiarities can be found in its vocabulary system. In it there are words and word combinations peculiar to AE only. They are called American business.
Ther are 1) historical Americanisms which were brought to the American continent by the British migrants in the 17th century.
In AE these words still have their own meanings while in BE these meanings have changed. EG: fall (AE) – autumn (BE); guess (AE) – think (BE)
20 Americanisms proper are words which appeared later, either when the B. settlers had to give new names to the things they met there (plants, animals, so on) or even later in the 19th-20th centuries EG: egg plant – баклажан. backwoods – лесная чаща.
3) The majority of words are same in BE and AE very often the word is an Americanism only in one of its meanings. EG: the word faculty – факультет (BE) препод (AE)
This variety of the semantic of the word was explain by a Russian linguist prof. Shveicer. he worked out the concept of the “common core”. According to this concept BE and AE have both identical and different features. They identical features belong to the common core. They pesulair features are often refer to as Americanisms and Briticisms.
Here are some examples of Americanisms: the mall – торговый центр shop center (BE)
a field trip – экскурсия
Different words may be used in BE and AE to express the same things, they are called lexical analogues EG: lift (BE) – elevator (AE) tin – can; Luggage – baggage; sweets – candy; railway – railroad.
There are words which are called divergent: the same word denotes different objects. EG: dresser – кух. шкафчик (BE) тумбочка (AE)
World-building in AE comprises the most productive word building patens. (shortening and blending) EG: laundry + automatic = laundromat