- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
Very often homonyms appear as a result of split polysemy. That means that the semantic connection between the meaning of the word is lost and some of the meanings become independent words, homonyms.
Homonyms are words, which are identical in sound and in spelling or at least in one of this aspects, but different in meaning. EG: 1.1) bank, where you keep money. 1.2) The bank of the river 2.1) flower 2.2) flour. 3.1) bow-кланяться 3.2) bow-лук
1) these are homonyms proper, they identical both in sound and in spelling, but different meaning. (homonyms)
2.) These are word identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning (homophones)
3.)Identical in spelling, but different in sound and in meaning. (homographs)
23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
We speak differently in diff. situations. The way we speak and the choice of words depend on the situation in which the processes of communication is realized. There are diff. situations, EG: teacher-student, manager-boss.
As we are speaking about the functions of all this words in diff. situations we have to define “functional style”
Under a “function style” we under stand language means peculiar to a specific sphear of communication.
The basic vocabulary is the central group of the vocabulary, its historical foundation and living core. That is why words of this stratum show a considerably greater stability in comparison with words of the other strata, especially informal.
Basic vocabulary words can be recognised not only by their stylistic neutrality but, also, by entire lack of other connotations (i. e. attendant meanings). Their meanings are broad, general and directly convey the concept, without supplying any additional information.
The table gives some examples of such synonyms belonging to different stylistic strata.
Basic vocabulary |
Informal |
Formal |
begin |
start, get started |
commence |
continue |
go on, get on |
proceed |
end |
finish, be through, be over |
terminate |
child, baby |
kid, brat, beam (dial.) |
infant, babe (poet.) |
24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
EG: begin-start-commence; child-kid-infant
The words begin and child are neutral and the rests are stylistically marked their usage is restructed to some specific communicative situations.
Neutral words are very important in the lang. They form the so-called basic vocab. They can be used every day, every where and by everybody, both in oral and written speech. These words make the processes of communication possible.
Formal vocabulary. Formal words are used in the so-called formal situations: giving a lecture, writing a business letter.
a)bookish or learned words.
These words are used in written speech, in the books, that we read.
They may be met in the authors narrations, descriptions.
Learned word are used in oral speech as well, mostly in the speech of well educated people.
We must remember that the overuse of bookish words makes our speech absurd, rediculars and just funny.
b) scientific-prose words.
These words are used to express scientific concepts and ideas. There are many terms and set phrases among them.
c) Archaic words.
Archaisms are words or word combinations which are partly or completely out of use today.
EG: the word nay=no; eve=evening; morn=morning
Archaisms are different from historisms. The later are words denoting objects and phenomena that have come out of use. EG: hansom – вид экипажа у которого кучер сидит сзади на высоте.