- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
The laws of combinability are studied by syntagmatics on the other hand, in the system of the lang. every word has certain characteristic which predetermine its combinability with other words.
The aptness of the word to appear in various combination of word is called “valency”
EG: a verb can combine with a noun.
EG: it can have a direct-object (to buy a book)
But, not every verb can combine with every noun. EG: In Russian we have the same verb: поднять вопрос/сумку In Eng. we have: to rise a proble; to lift a bag.
The realization of the aptness of the word to appear in various combinations is called combinability. In other words it’s the actual ability of word to combine in speech.
Lexical and syntactical combinability. We speak of syntactical and lexical combinability of words. Sintactical combinability is the ability of words to appear in certain grammatical structure. EG: an adjective performs the function of an attribute when it combines with the noun. a good student.
In a word combination ther is always the head-word (or key-word) which makes it possible to classify the word-groups. EG: a brave-man (adj.+ N.) to pay money (V+N) to depend on smb. (V+Preposition+Pronoun)
Lexical combinability is the ability of words to combine in speech according to lexical meaning. The lows of lexical combinability are often explained by the complex character of the lexical semantic system of the language. EG: In Russian we can say: -Потуши свет/мясо. In eng. – to switch off; - to stew meat
The knowledge of combinability is of great theoretical and practical value.
EG: It helps to find out which of the meanings of polisemantic word is used.
EG: a photo frame; a spring frame
19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
A word-combination (word-group) is a combination of two or more words organize according to the norms of the language. There are three types of word-groups: 1) free 2) semi-free (устойчивые) 3) phraseological units
They are diff. structurally and semantically. Free word combinations are structurally and semantically unstable. EG: a good man; a good and reliable man; a better man
Fixed combinations of words are structurally and semantic stable and the meaning is understood from the meanings of the components. That means there is no transference of meaning of this combinations. EG: a man of business; a man of letters (писатель)
Phrasiological units are structurally and semantically stable and they have transferred meaning. EG: a man of the wheel (руководитель)
Free word combinations may be describe from the following points of view:
1) In terms of conceptual combinability word groups are extra-linguistically determing. If objects are related the words denoting these things are also connective. We can say: tasty dish, tasty cake, but we can’t say tasty lexicology.
2) In terms of social-linguistic combinability, word groups are determing by customs and traditional way of life and other cultural factors of the language community.
EG: “white” in our country, it is a color, which has a festive meaning – bride’s dress in India it’s a color of mourning
3) In terms of inner linguistic combinability, this group can be deviated and non-deviated EG: red flower – красный цветок, red tape – волокита
the first is not-deviated, the meaning is clear from the meaning of compounds. The second is non-deviated