- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
Polysemy means that a word has two or more meaning. If it has only one meaning it’s called mono-semantic. Polisementic words are greater in number. Polysemy is explained by the following: the word names an object of reality according to some of its quality or characteristic of its object.
Very often the quality of one object are identical with a quality of another object, because of this one the same word is used to denote this object. EG: The word “glass” has the meanings “стакан, зеркало”, they are interconnected because both the object are made of the same material.
This very idea may be expressed differently: The world around us is varied and its objects are many.
The means of the language on the other hand are limited, so one word denotes several objects. All the meanings of the word taken together make up its symantic structure. As a rule context shows us which of the meanings of the word is used. EG: blind… 1.) handwriting – неразборчивый почерк 2.) man – слепой человек
It’s necessary to emphasize, that all the meanings of the polisemantic word are connected by a common component, if this component is lost we do not have a polisementic word any more, we have two homonyms. EG: in the word “glass” the linking element is made of glass.
Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
There are several classifications of types of lexical meaning. Academician Vinogradov’s classification includes the following types:
1.) direct (nominative) meaning. It names an object without the help of the context EG 1) sweet (sugar, honey, cake)
2.) nominative-derivetive (переносное) meaning EG: sweet (face, voice)
3.) linguistically bound (линг. обусловл.) meaning.
a) grammatically bound meaning. That means that the meaning of the word depends on the sintectical construction in which it is used. EG: 1) He is ill. 2) He has ill manners.
When a predicative “ill” has the meaning “больной, нездоровый”. When an attribute it has the meaning of “плохой” that is “bad”.
4.) Lexically bound meaning. The meaning of the word depends on its combinability. EG: “heavy” has different meanings in the following combinations: heavy bag, heavy rain, heavy crops, heavy guns.
5.) Phraseologically bound meanings. These are lexically or grammatically bound meaning, which are used in a limited field. EG: -Would you like a drink? – I’d love to. “love” means “Yes!”
16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
There are several types of change of meaning: 1) metaphor 2) metonymy 3) widening of meaning 4) narrowing of meaning (сужение) 5) elevation (улучшение) 6) degeneration
1) metaphor is a change of meaning based on the semilarety. Very often this similarity implies outward likeness EG: the neck of a bottle. the tongues of the fire.
The name of the color may be formed metaphorically from the name of the object it is typical of EG: the color “orange” from “orange” (апелсин), hazel-орешек, карий
2) metonymy is a change of meaning based on contiguity (близость). The assotiations between objects are different. EG: The name of the place may be used as the name of the people in it (ассоциация по пространству) The house were against it. (члены палаты были против)
3) Widening of meaning is a kind of semantic change which makes the word denote a wider variety of objects. EG: “pipe” used to denote “муз. инструмент” now “трубка”. “to arrive” used to be “высадиться” now “прибывать”
4) Narrowing of meaning is a kind of semantic change which makes the word denote a narrower variety of objects: EG “meat” used to be “еда” now “мясо”. deer – олень, раньше любой зверь.
5/6) The terms “elevation” and degeneration” meaning are not quite good. Lexical meaning cannot become better or worse. These change of meaning reflex the changes that take place in our life.
The “degeneration” of meaning is a kind of semantic change which makes the meaning developed in negative connotation which was absent in the original meaning. EG: knave – now it is a bad word means “негодяй” раньше –мальчик
The “elevation” of meaning is a kind of semantic change which makes the meaning developed in positive connotation which was absent in the first meaning. EG: “knight” был «молодой воин» теперь «рыцарь».