- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
The term “borrowing” may mean the process of borrowing and the result of the process-the word itself. The term source of borrowing means the language which from the word was taking into English. EG: delicious was taken from French so, French is the source of borrowing.
The term origin of borrowing denotes the language to ehich the word may be traced. EG: the word “school is a Latin borrowing. (It comes from Latin) of greek origin. It means that to Latin (it) came from Greek. “to adore” came from French. There are different reasons for borrowing words, linguistic and extro-lingustic (historic) reason. Historic reasons include wars and conquest and peaceful contacts as well. The main linguistic reason are the following: 1.) a gap in vocabulary. EG: potato, tomato were borrowed from Spanish, when these vegetables were brought to the British island. So, the word were borrowed together with notions which they denoted. 2.) To present the same notion in a new aspect, from a different point of view. EG: The French word “to adore” was added to native words “to like” and “to love”, to denote the strongest degree of the process.
This type of borrowing enlarge groups of synonyms. Заимствование: а) время б) историч. справка в) классиф.
The classification of English borrowings includes more than ten groups. The main groups of borrowing are:
- the three layers of dating borrowing
- borrowings from French
- borrowing from Scandinavian (антруш стр. 44-49)
Translation-loan(s) (калька) – are borrowings which are made up by means of literally translating words and word combinations. EG: from the Russian language: пятилетка – five-year plan. from German: Wunderkind – wonder child. from Italian: prima ballerina – first dancer.
Doublets are words which have the same origin but they are different in phonetic shape and in meaning. Doublets appeared in English in different ways.
1.) One of the pair may be a native word and the other a borrowed one. EG: the word “shirt” is a native one. “skirt” was borrowed from Scandinavian. (одежда)
2.) Both the words are borrowed, but from different languages. EG: senior (from Latin) sir (from French)
3.) Both the words are borrowed from one of the same language, but at different period of time. EG: cavalry (Normandy French) – кавалерия. Chivalry (Parisian Language) – рыцарство (ch-показывает о более позднем происхождение)
4.) Shortening may bring to life etymological doublets. EG: history and story, defense and fance.
International words are the words, which borrowed by several language, among international words are names of sciences (phonetic, physics, political terms, sports, name of fruits, foods)
11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
With the famous Battle of Hastings, when the English were defeated by the Normans under William the Conqueror, we come to the eventful epoch of the Norman Conquest. The epoch can well be called eventful not only in national, social, political and human terms, but also in linguistic terms. England became a bi-lingual country, and the impact on the English vocabulary made over this two-hundred-years period is immense: French words from the Norman dialect penetrated every aspect of social life. Here is a very brief list of examples of Norman French borrowings.
Administrative words: state, government, parliament, council, power.
Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison.
Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy.
Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil.
Everyday life was not unaffected by the powerful influence of French words. Numerous terms of everyday life were also borrowed from French in this period: e. g. table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle, etc.