- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
Shortening is a process of the substituting a part for a whole. There are different types of shortened words. In clippings one of the parts of the word is cut off EG: phone (from telephone)-the begging of the word is shortened. Food Mart (from Market)-the middle of the word is shortened. Ed(itor)-редактор – the end of word is shortened.
There are abbreviations which consists of the initial letters of words. EG: NATO, MP-member of parliament. Some time abbreviation are read as words. NATO, VIP.
Shortened words of different kinds are often met in newspaper styles.
1.) продуктивное словообразование
2.) непродуктивное словообразование
1.) Blanding (стяжение) – the process of making words from parts (not morphemes) of other words. EG: brunch (breakfast+lunch) at 12, smog (smoke+fog)
2.) Stress and sond interchange – it is a way of making words by changing the phonetic shape of the root. It was produced in old English and now it is not produced at all. EG (n)full-fill(v), (n)blood-bleed(v), to speak-speech, to pre’sent-‘present, ‘condact-to con’duct.
8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
The term “etymology” comes from Greek and it means the study of the earlist forms of the word. Now etymology studies both: the form and the meaning of borrowed and native words. In every modern language there are native and borrowed words. It is quite natural and logical because contacts between people, and peoples are lead to the process of borrowing. As for English language many scientist consider the foreign influence to be the most important factor in the development of the Eng. language. There are more borrowed words in English than in any other European language. So we speak of the mixed character of the English vocabulary. It contains the native element and the borrowed elements. The native element includes Indo-European, Germanic element and English proper element. boy, girl, lord, lady – proper English word.
9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
By the native element we mean words which were not borrowed from other languages. The number of native words is rather small, about 25%-30%. About 70% of words are borrowed. This fact gave ground to the assumption that English is not a Germanic language, but a Romenic-Germanic language.
Today the accepted point of view is that Eng. is a Germanic language and the mixed character of its vocabulary is one of its main features. It can be proved by the fact that in speech the correlation between native and borrow words is different. It was found out that in the works of English classics about 80% of words are native. (prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs, a great many irregular verbs, some nouns and adjectives denoting everyday notions). The native element include Indo-European, Germanic and English proper words. Indo-European words have cognates in other I-E languages. EG: English words of this group denote elementary concepts without which no human communication would be possible. day, night, mother, father, son, daughter.
Germanic words have cognates in modern Germanic languages. EG: They denote parts of human body: hand, head, arm, bone. Animals: fox, bear.
English proper words don’t have any cognates in other languages: lord, lady, boy, girl.