- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
A.) EG: 1.) hand-handful 1.) hand – (to) hand – конверсия, нулевое словообразование. hands(plur.)-hands(3лицо), handed (past), handing (причастие) – морфологический подход для различия слов.
In both the examples new words are formed. In the first example-by affixation, in the second-by zero-derivation or conversion.
Conversion is very productive in English. It’s a specific type of word building, where the word building means is the paradigm of the word itself. In the words hand(n) – hand(v) the paradigms are different. So we have a case of verb-formation, typical in the English language N>V
This approach (подход) was worked out by professor Смерницкий. It’s a morphological way of forming new words. There is another approach worked out by professor Arnold (женщ.). She tracts conversion as a morphology-syntactical type of word building. EG: If one were lucky, he had a good buy. Смотрим на синтакс. связь. Есть артикль, прилагательное (опред. сущ-ое) => это сущ. дополнение.
The word “buy” is a noun, formed by conversion, and the prove is found in the syntactic-function and the syntactic connection of the word. It’s function in the sentence is that of a direct object. Besides it has a descriptive attribute “good” and the indefinite article “a”. All that is typical of the English noun.
B.) Cases of conversion are accompanied by semantic change.
Let’s analyze the ”N>V” formation, which is typical of English.
EG: nose-to nose, elbow-to elbow, hammer-to hammer. The noun is the name of a tool and the verb is the name of an action, which is performed by this tool.
EG: dog-to dog (следовать по пятам), monkey-to monkey (передразнивать, словесно), ape-to ape (передразнивать, кривляться). The noun is the name of an animal and the verb denotes behavior typical of this animal. (антруш. 91-93)
С.) Синхронический - связанный с одним периодом времени.
Диахронический – идущий вниз к истории
love-to love др.англ. lufu(n)-lufian(v) – окончание стали ослабевать, произошло отпадение окончание, озвончение звука – совпали формы love-to love – этимологические омонимы
One of the problems connected with conversion is the problem of the original word. It’s not easy to state, which of the pair is the original word, and which of the pair is the original word, and which was made by conversion.
If we look at the pair synchronically it does not differ from the example (hand-to hand). That is the noun is the original word. Diachronically these words are not linked by conversion. The identify of their form is the result of the historical development.
In old English they had two words: lufu(n)-lufian(v) later due to the dropping of the ending and other processes we have two homonyms today. They are called historical or etymological homonyms.
So, conversion is very productive in English, because it’s analytical character. Root word, which are typical of its structure easily enter semantic relations in conversion pairs.