2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.

The morpheme is the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit. It’s different from the word as it can’t function in a sentence alone. It’s always a part of the word, where it combines with other morphemes.

Let’s compare the examples: 1) heart-heartless (слово) 2) hearty-ier-iest (формы)

In first example a new word is formed. In the second – new forms the word are formed. These morphemes, which make up new words are called lexical morphemes. In the second example the morphemes are grammatical. They are not studing in the lexicology. The lexical morphemes may be roots and affixational (affixes morphemes)

Root morphemes are the semantic centre of the word. As for affixes, they can be prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes stand in front of the root. Suffixes follow the root.

Morphemes can be free and bound. Root morphemes are free. They coincide with independent words, and can function in the sentence by themselves. EG: boyish (boy можно употреблять отдельно)

Affixes are bound morphemes. They can’t function in the sentence alone. But: ladd|like, eat|able.(there are exist semi-sufficsis. –like,–able can be both suffices and independent words.)

The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.

The morphemic structure of the word may be studied on 2 levels: morphemic and derivational. The main unit of the morphemic level is morpheme. While analyzing we want to know how many morphemes there are in the word and what these morphemes are. EG: in the word “eatable” there are two morphemes: eat is the root, able is a suffix. Root is a free. And “-able”, which is a semi-suffix is semi-free. The main unit of the derivational level is the stem. It is that part of the word, to which grammatical flexions are added EG: government – Governments suffix –ment основообразующий.

While analyzing on this level we want to know how the word was built. EG: the word “eatable” is formed by adding the suffix –able to the root of the word. According to the morphological structure of the word, all words (stems) may be devited into the following groups.

1.) simple (root) words. a hat, a boy. 2.) derived (производные) words (derivatives). They include root and affixal morphemes.: ladylike, eatable, sunny. 3.) compound (сложные) words. they have two or more stems. EG: snow-fall, girlfriend. 4.) Compound derivatives (сложнопроизводные). They have two or more stems in their structure and derivational affixes. EG: film-goer 5.) Contracted compounds (сложносокращенные) In such words one of the stems is shortened. EG: TV-set

So, on the derivational level we are interested in word building pattern (словообр. модель)

3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.

1.) Affixation is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to the root (stem). Prefixes, as a rule, change only the meaning of the word, the part of speech of a new word remains the same. EG: lucky-unlucky (оба прил.)

With suffixation a new word belongs to a new part of speech. EG: luck-lucky (сущ.-прил.)

Affixes are more abstract than the root morphemes. EG: to drive-driver. er-suffix shows the agent of the action, but we do not know, which exactly action is meant.

2.) Derivation affixes are divided according to the following principle: 1.) Etymological 2.) Lexical-grammatical 3.) Semantically.

According to the first one, affixes are divided into native and borrowed

It a word consist of a native and a borrow morpheme it is called a hybrid. (лексич. гибрид) EG: beauty|ful – исконная часть (суффикс) заимств. (корень) eat|able – наоборот

According to the second principle, affixes can be noun-forming, verb-forming and so on. EG: sun-sunny.

According the third principal every affix has its own lexical meaning. EG: Everybody took part in the decoration of the hall. 2) The decoration of the hall was beautiful. the meaning of the first one is process. The second is result. Productivity of affix.

Word building means do not remain the same in the historical development of the language.

Some of them are productive now and some are not.

Productivity is the ability of the affixes to form new words at a certain period. EG: -er, -tion, -re – productive affixes. –dom, -hood – non productive

There are dead affixes, which are no longer felt in the word. EG: answer

Productivity should not be missed up with frequency (частность) of usage. EG: soften –en – productive, now it’s non-productive.