- •In British isles: southern English, Northern, Scottish
- •By ass. Prof. L.M.Volkova,
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •Lecture 3: grammatical meaning. Grammatical categories.
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •Lecture 7: syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •Lecture 11: pragmatics. Speech act theory
- •It’s hot excuse
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •Lecture 12: discourse analysis
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
- •Lecture 13: the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •The quantifying function
- •The identifying function
- •The definitizing function
- •The individualizing function
- •Psycholinguistic factors
- •Basic characteristics of the subconscious language
- •1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
- •2. The concept of the morpheme. Lexical and grammatical morphemes. The two aspects of the word analysis: on the morphemic and derivational levels.
- •3. Affixation. Classification of affixes. Productivity of affixes.
- •4. Conversion: different points of view. Semantic change accompanying the instances of conversion. The synchronic and diachronic aspects of conversion.
- •5. Composition. Structural classification.
- •6. Semantic aspect of compound words. Unstable compounds.
- •7. Shortening and minor types of modem English word-building.
- •8. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary: its mixed character.
- •9. Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary.
- •10. The concepts of "borrowing", "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing". Special types of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words.
- •11. The three layers of Latin borrowings and their characteristic features.
- •12. Words of French origin in the English vocabulary and their characteristic features.
- •13. Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •14. The concept of linguistic meaning. Lexical meaning and its aspects.
- •15. The concept of polysemy. Academician V.V.Vinogradov's theory of the types of lexical meaning.
- •16. Types of semantic changes: metaphor, metonymy, widening and narrowing of meaning.
- •17. Paradigmatic connections of words. Synonymy- Types of synonyms and their origin.
- •18. Syntagmatic connections of words. "Valency" and combinability. Lexical and syntactical combinability.
- •19. Types of word-groups. Characteristic features of free word-groups.
- •20. Phraseological units: definition and characteristic features.
- •21. Principles of classification of phraseological units and their origin.
- •22. Homonymy as the limit of polysemy. Classification of homonyms.
- •23. The concept of "functional style". The main stylistic layers of the English vocabulary. Basic vocabulary.
- •24. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Formal vocabulary.
- •25. Neutral words and stylistically marked words: Informal vocabulary.
- •26. Terminology. Problems associated with the concept of the "term".
- •27. Neologisms. Types of new words and productive patterns of their building.
- •28. The concept of the "variety of the language". American English: grammatical and lexical peculiarities.
- •29. Lexicography. Types of English dictionaries. The main problems of dictionary compiling.
- •Красса Лекции по теоретической фонетике Примерные вопросы для контроля знаний
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction Outline
- •2. Aspects and units of phonetics
- •3. Branches of phonetics
- •4. Methods of phonetic analysis
- •Lecture 2
- •2. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British and American pronunciation models.
- •Lecture 3 Classification of English speech sounds Outline
- •Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •Articulatory classification of English vowels
- •1. Articulatory classification of English consonants
- •2. The articulatory classification of English Vowels
- •Lecture 4 Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •3. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •4. Main phonological schools
- •Lecture 5 The system of the English phonemes Outline
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
- •Lecture 6 Alternations and modifications of speech sounds in English Outline
- •2. Contextual alternations in English
- •3. Modifications of sounds in English
- •The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •1. Theories on syllable formal ion and division.
- •2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •Lecture 8 Word stress in English Outline
- •2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •4. Typology of accentual structures
- •Lecture 9
- •Intonation in English Outline
- •2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- •3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
1. The word as the basic unit of the language. The size-of-unit and identity-of-unit problems.
Lex studies the word of the vocabulary of the language. The term lex comes from Greek. “lexic” means “word” and “logos” means the study of. The word studies from different points of view. EG: It was a very good ball. (the exam. shows that without the context we can give two translations and it touches upon semantics.) EG: The temp. (-orary)(сокращение) – название фильма “Временная секретарша» (this example touches upon the problem of word-building. This word is a shortening.) EG: Crackerjack (this example touches upon of the problem of stylistic classification of the eng. vocabulary. this word are explained in the dictionary of slang as a person who is remarkable, perfect).
This examples show that the word is a unity of meaning and form.
In speech a word is realized in one of its meanings and in a certain wordform. All the forms of the word make up its paradigm. EG: to take: takes, took, taken, taking (парадигмы).
there are several problems connected with the word.
The side-of-unit problem (проблема проведения границ между словом и словосочетанием.)
EG: 1.) shipwrecks (кораблекрушение) 2.) the wrecks of the ships (крушение корабля) a) wrecks b) ships c) wrecks/ships
The size of unit problem makes us investigate the size of the border line between a word and a word combination in speech N1 is a word, N2 is a word combination. To prove that we have to use the criterion of single and separate grammatical framing. N1 and N2 are different in the grammatical framing. In N1 it is single framing. In N2 it is separate framing, it can be formed in 3 times: a, b, c.
Besides that we can insert one or separate word in a word combination. EG: The wreck of a big ship (this is an additional criterion and it shows the unit of the word, because we can’t insert any element between the parts of the word.
The identify-of-unit problem (проблема поиска границ между значениями одного и того же слова и словами совпадающими по значению)
EG: Of all the saws I ever saw saw I never saw a saw saw as that saw saws (сколько я не видел как пилят пилы, я никогда не видел, чтобы пила пилила так, как пилит эта пила) если у слова формы различны то и слова разные. The problem is: how many words that sounds alike are there? There are three words in our exam., there are: saw-пила (it used 3 times) saw-пилить (3 times) saw-видеть(P.Simple.2t). To prove that there are 3 different words we have to analyze form of word. These form words are different, so the words are different. 1) saw-пила (noun) has two forms: that is of the sing. and plur. This paradigm is typical of the English noun.
2) saw-пилить (verb). It has different form: saws (3л., ед.ч.), sawed, sawing 3) saw-видел (verb) It is already a word form of a different word “to see”
The second part of the problem is semantic, it deals with meaning. We have to find out if we are dealing with the meaning of one the same word or with different words (homonyms) EG:1.1)It was a very good ball. It was red. 1.2) It was a very good ball. I danced till 3 in the morning. (<омонимы) 2.1) His hands are large. 2.2) He has season hands on his farm.
The problem is: are the words “ball” and “ball”, “hands” and “hands” one of the same word or the diff. word. In the first case: “ball” and “ball” are homonyms. There is no semantic link between them. In the second case “hands” and “hands” are variants one of the same word. There is a semantic link between them (season workers use hands in their work). Such variants of words are called lexica-semantic variants. (лексико-семантическое значение слова)
Besides there are phonetic, grammatical and derivational (словообразование) variants of the words. EG: often, often, historic-historical.
So, the identify of unit problem is the problem of finding the border line between the usages the one and the same word and diff. words, which are called homonyms.