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Качество воздуха внутри помещений

Загрязнители воздуха внутри помещений обычно отличаются по типу и концентрации от наружных загрязнителей воздуха. Их можно классифицировать несколькими способами.

Один подход предполагает их деление на химические, физические и биологические факторы. Физические факторы включают температуру, относительную влажность, скорость вентиляции, искусственное освещение, шум и вибрацию. Химические факторы включают окружающий табачный дым, формальдегид, летучие органические соединения, окись углерода, двуокись углерода, двуокись азота, озон, радон, частицы асбеста и т.п. Биологические факторы включают роговые частицы, внешние аллергены и т.п.

На концентрацию загрязнителей воздуха внутри помещений влияет уровень загрязнения наружного воздуха, внутренние источники, скорость обмена между внутренним и наружным воздухом, характеристики и оборудование зданий. Отопление, вентиляция и система кондиционирования воздуха также могут являться загрязнителями воздуха, особенно когда они неправильно эксплуатируются.

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Unit 2____________________________________________Heating

START HERE

1. Answer the following questions.

  1. What energy sources do you remember?

  2. What is the main classification of energy sources?

  3. What energy sources can be applied in heating systems?

2. Choose the right option. Heating Energy Sources

Gas Fired Water Heater

  1. You can add on to a boiler that you already have for baseboard heating. You will need a mixing valve to lower the boiler heated water for the type of heating and yet be able to provide the high temperature boiler water to perform the uses that the boiler was designed for.

Oil Fired Boilers or Water Heaters

  1. These energy sources extract heat energy from the ground with an electric heat pump. The problems are that parasitic electrical costs are usually very high and the purchase price of the system is quite expensive as well. The environmental costs of the system are nearly as high as a straight electrical system and there is no real cost saving when everything is added up.If costs can be lowered, this approach might make a real contribution.

Wood or Coal Heaters

  1. It is readily available and is produced mostly within Russia. Its price has gone up along with other sources but it is clean enough to use with condensing technology.

Solar Collectors

  1. This heating is not very desirable unless a low cost source is available with low environmental impacts such as hydro. In some cases when only a very little energy is needed, it can make sense. It is expensive to generate and usually has great environmental impacts. It’s used for simple purposes like heating and hot water is to be avoided.

Radiant Retrofit

  1. This energy source can be less expensive than gas in some locations at this time. It also has more heat value than liquefied gas (LP). However, it pollutes more and the heating units are not as efficient. Some are in the developmental stages. The price and availability of these heaters is unstable for political reasons.

Electric

  1. The quality and efficiency of such kind of heating has improved greatly and the investment value or “payback” can be very good when designed well. Nearly all heating systems of this type require some way to store the heat for cloudy times. They are coming down in price, but dependent upon climate, architecture, and commitment.

Geothermal

  1. These heaters work best when they are allowed to have a prolonged burn time at reasonably high temperatures. They can seriously pollute when they are shut down with a load of fuel remaining. They really should have some kind of heat storage incorporated into the system so that they can be operated at convenient times and with low emissions. These heaters can provide energy independence and can be cost effective if you value labor as healthful exercise. But it is very important to burn these products cleanly.