LECTURE 14 - ABRIDGED

The category of information

layers of information in the text

1. content-factual (CFI) = theme (explicit, textual, open for perception)

2. content-conceptual (CCI) = concept / message (deep-lying, not easily discernible)

3. content-subtextual (CSI) = subtext

(implicit, concealed)

CONCEPT-FORMING FACTORS IN THE TEXT

- factual information

- implicit information

- image of the author

- the tonal system of the text

- speech layers in the text

types of narrators

1.omniscient author/ implied author/ external narrator

2.entrusted / internal narrator

narrative perspective (NP):

- interaction of the narrative, compositional, temporal and spatial organization of the text

Types of NP

1.unlimited NP :

-omniscient narrator / external

-distances himself from the events

-switches from one temporal and spatial plane to another

- external focalisation (position)

2. limited NP:

-entrusted narrator-character

-inside the events

-limited within time and space planes

-internal focalisation (position)

	Types of narrative perspective
	Omniscient/ unlimited NP / external focalisation	Limited/ concentrated NP / internal focalisation
time	An external narrator/focalizer has at his disposal all the temporal dimensions of the story (past, present, future)	An internal narrator/focalizer is limited to the “present” of the characters.
space	The narrator/focalizer is located at a point far above the objects of his perception. the panoramic plane the close up description or narration the average/middle plane	A panoramic view or simultaneous focalisation is impossible The view of one limited observer
cognition	The external narrator/focalizer knows everything about the represented world. His knowledge is unlimited. This type of narration is “objective” (neutral/ uninvolved)	The knowledge of an internal narrator/focalizer is restricted This type of narrative perspective is “subjective” (coloured / involved) focalisation.

М. Лермонтов Парус

Белеет парус одинокий

В тумане моря голубом!

Что ищет он в стране далекой?

Что кинул он в краю родном?

Играют волны – ветер свищет,

И мачта гнется и скрипит …

Увы, - он счастия не ищет

И не от счастия бежит!

По ним струя светлей лазури,

Над ним луч солнца золотой …

А он, мятежный, просит бури,

Как будто в бурях есть покой!

Narrative perspective – from panoramic (1^st part), to the middle (2^nd ) and close-up (in the last part).

The poet was 17 when he wrote it. There are more than 20 versions of Ukrainian translations of the poem.

П. Тичина Вітрило

Одне лише вітрило мрітне

У мрінні моря маравен ...

Чого блукає кругосвітнє,

Кого лишило там, ген-ген,

Нахлине вітер, глиб подасться,

І щоглу з свистом натяга ...

Гей-гей, воно не прагне щастя,

І не від щастя одбіга!

Під ним струміння блакітнясте,

Над ним одсончин золочин.

Воно ж все рветься в поринасте,

Немов у бурях є спочин!

The tonal system =

= the atmosphere of the text

tone / ring / keynote of the text = the author’s attitude towards the subject

И. Бунин – Прежде, чем начать писать, я должен “найти звук”.

Types:

- objective / impartial / unemotional

- subjective / emotional / involved

- serious

- self-observing

- humorous

- ironic

- sharply critical

- cynical

Elements that contribute to the tone of the text:

1.The diction (choice of words)

2.The choice of details

3.The arrangement of these words (the author’s manner of expression)

Всякое стихотворение – покрывало, растянутое на остриях нескольких слов. Эти слова светятся как звезды. Из-за них существует стихотворение. А. Блок

key words = sense leitmotif of the text

Cynthia Ozick

Rosa Lublin, a madwoman, gave up her store... and moved to Miami. It was a mad thing to do. In Florida she became a dependent. Her niece ... sent her money and she lived among the elderly, in a dark hole, a single room in a “hotel”.

Her meals she had elsewhere, in bed or standing at the sink – sometimes toast with a bit of sour cream and half a sardine, or a small can of peas.

Instead of maid service there was a dumbwaiter on a shrieking pulley. Squads of dying flies blackened the rope. The sheets on her bed were just as black… .

SPEECH LAYERS IN A LITERARY TEXT

a. author’s speech

b. characters’ speech

c. represented speech

A. Author’s speech

- the concept signals are deployed

compositional speech forms (discourse modes)

the author’s purpose

TYPES:

1. exposition

- factual writing (textbooks)

- facts as opposed to opinions

- a straightforward purpose: to explain, to make clear, to set forth, to show relationship

C.L.Becker Democracy

Democracy, like liberty or science or progress, is a word with which we are all so familiar that we rarely take the trouble to ask what we mean by it. It is a term which has no “referent” - there is no precise object which we all think of when the word is pronounced. On the contrary, it is a word which connotes different things to different people...