Acad. Vinogradov -

author’s image =

- the expression of the essence of the text

- the cementing force uniting all stylistic elements into a comprehensive verbal structure

- an internal core around which the whole system of imagery is grounded

- a certain point of view, a position or a stand

idea point of view author’s image

M. Brandes - aspects of the category of the image of the author:

1. internal = a point of view, writer’s attitude

- a point of view of the author

• a point of view of a character

2. external = types of speech/ narration

types of narration and narrators:

1. in the 3^rd person (objective, neutral, uninvolved)

the unnamed author = narrator is outside the textual world

omniscient author (implied author, external narrator)

She pressed him closer to herself. Her voice was so weak that it seemed to come already from a great distance. The child did not answer, but smiled comfortably. He was very happy in the large, warm bed, with those soft arms about him. He tried to make himself smaller still as he cuddled against his mothers, and he kissed her sleepily. W. S. Maugham

2. in the 1^st person (personal, subjective, involved)

the narrator-personage is one of the characters

entrusted / internal narrator

Sara was a shot in the arm; she brought you alive one way or another; the very idea of Sara could always make me swear or jump or dance or sweat. Because of her damned independence and hypocrisy. When you knew Sara, you knew womankind, and no one who doesn’t know womankind knows anything about the nature of Nature. But Rozzie was only a female and she never stirred anything in me but love and pity. Sara was a menace and a tonic, my best enemy; Rozzie was a disease, my worst friend. Sara made a man of me and damn nearly a murderer; Rozzie might have turned me into a lop-eared crooner. J. Cary

From the “author” or from “I”?

Ф. Достоевский «Подросток»

«От Я – оригинальнее и больше любви, и художественности более требуется, и ужасно смело, и короче, и легче расположение, и яснее характер подростка как главного лица. Но не надоест ли эта оригинальность читателю? И главное, основные мысли романа – могут ли быть натурально и в полноте выражены 20-летним писателем?»

« От Я, от Я, от Я! Не напрасно я сел писать, я посветлел духом и теперь ярче и вернее чувствую …»

M. Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

You don’t know about me without you have read a book by name of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”; but that ain’t no matter. That book was named by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth mainly.

Types of narrative perspective (NP)

	unlimited NP external focalisation	limited NP internal focalisation
time	all the temporal dimensions of the story	limited to the “present” of the characters
space	the panoramic the close up the middle planes	the view of one limited observer
cognition	his knowledge is unlimited	his knowledge is restricted