- •A. Cohesive means
- •Factors which ensure coherence:
- •The author’s subjective perception and evaluation of reality types of modality
- •B. The pragmatic aim
- •The author’s aim to influence the reader:
- •The uniting function of the image of the author (literary texts)
- •5. The uniting role of em and sd (extended metaphor, simile)
- •Types of foregrounding:
- •It is raining.
- •Types of fictional time
- •Dynamic / static time
- •Description of the place of action Spatial development of the text
- •2. The close-up plane/view
- •3. The general/middle plane/view
- •If the airplane circles lower, a few crumbling walls of light-grey limestone appear above the green, like rocky islets poking out of a sea.
It is raining.
She is surprised by the rain. She thinks it should be snowing at this time of year, it is so cold outside. But it is raining instead
Types of fictional time
flashbacks = a glance to the past (anaphoric): “ That’s what he recollected…”
G. Greene The End of the Party
Peter said it with confidence. … But he was the elder, by a matter of minutes, and that brief extra interval of light, while his brother still struggled in pain and darkness, had given him self-reliance.
foreshadowing / future reference = a glance to the future (cataphoric)
He strode into the living room feeling very brisk and competent. He could not know, of course, that when Louise did get home he would be out cold on the divan. (R.Warren)
Dynamic / static time
L. Stevenson The Pavilion on the Links
As we went downstairs the heat was excessive, and the roaring of the fire filled our ears; and we had scarce reached the passage before the stairs window fell in, a branch of flame shot brandishing through the aperture, and the interior of the pavilion became lit up with that dreadful and fluctuating glare. At the same moment we heard the fall of something heavy in the upper storey. The whole pavilion had gone alight like a box of matches, and now not only flamed sky high to land and sea, but threatened with every moment to crumble and fall in about our ears.
b. fictional space =
Description of the place of action Spatial development of the text
1. The panoramic plane/view = bird’s-eye view
2. The close-up plane/view
3. The general/middle plane/view
From a high-flying airplane the jungle looks like an endless expanse of massed broccoli, the rounded treetops standing close together and giving no glimpse of the ground.
If the airplane circles lower, a few crumbling walls of light-grey limestone appear above the green, like rocky islets poking out of a sea.
Approached on foot the scene is strikingly different. The jungle floor is deeply shaded, with only occasional flecks of sunlight filtering through from the sky. There is a little undergrowth; the ground is soft with rotting humus and great trees stand solemnly with thick vines dripping down from their tops. (J. Leonard Ancient America)