3. The uniting function of the image of the author (literary texts)

5. The uniting role of em and sd (extended metaphor, simile)

After a long hibernation, company bosses are beginning to rediscover their animal spirit. … They should also be aware that they will be powerfully influenced by the herd instinct...

… they will be judged less for spotting a good target than for digesting it well ...

…They’ll have to watch carefully to be sure that the competitive space into which the predator in front of them is so joyfully leaping does not lie at the edge of a cliff.

6. different means of foregrounding =

- a specific / unusual / unexpected use of language means

- to focus the readers’ attention on the conceptually important aspects of the text

Types of foregrounding:

- convergence of EM and SD =

- an accumulation of several SD and EM that perform the same stylistic function

- motivated by artistic/aesthetic purposes

Sitting there, skinning the rabbit, he had had to listen to outbursts of incoherent complaint and indignation. Complaint and indignation against the wheat market, which had broken each time he had begun to do well. Against the banks he had borrowed money from and been unable to repay. Against the droughts and winds that had reduced his farm to a hundred and sixty acres of dust and wilderness. Against the luck that had always been against him. Against the folks who had treated him meanly, everywhere, all his life.

1. Huxley After many a Summer Dies the Swan)

- strong positions:

a. the title

-

a framing element

- expresses the message

W. S. Maugham

Can the Leopard Change its Spots?

The Lotus Eater

The Moon and Sixpence

b. the proper name

O. Twist; Othello; Plushkin

c. the opening of a literary text

J. Higgins A Little Death Music

Tragedy is always foreshadowed. Even in art. Nothing on earth happens without warning. Looking back on it now, I realise everything was against that sudden trip to Florida. Odd harbingers cropped up at every turn, little twinges of anxiety that should have signalled alarm.

d. the closing part:

• the close ending - And they lived happily ever after

- the open ending

She gathered herself together. No one could describe the scorn of her expression or the contemptuous hatred she put into her answer.

“You men! You filthy, dirty pigs! You’re all the same, all of you. Pigs! Pigs!”

Dr. Macphail gasped. He understood. (W.S. Maugham Rain)

e. poetic / artistic detail =

a laconic expression of a complicated idea

А. Ахматова

И на правую руку надела

Перчатку с левой руки.

Types:

depicting / characterological details

“The room, not much used now, was still vaguely haunted for them both by a presence with which they associated tenderness, large drooping white moustaches, the scent of cigar smoke and laughter”. (J. Galsworthy)

authenticity details

E. Hemingway The Chauffeurs of Madrid

We drove up from Valencia with Tomas and, as we sighted Madrid rising like a great white fortress across the plain from Alcala de Henares, Tomas said, through missing teeth, “Long live Madrid, the Capital of my Soul!”

implicit detail

She came in and took her coat off right away and a sort of chucked it on the bed. She had on a green dress underneath.

“Ya got a hanger? I don’t want to get my dress all wrinkly. It’s brand-clean”, - she said. (J. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye)

artistic detail - artistic symbol Snows of Kyllimangaro - hyena

7. fictional time and space

MAN - TIME - SPACE

the anthropocentric feature of the text - man is in the focus of the plot within the temporal /spatial setting

a. fictional time

- is ideal

- is formed by switching over from one temporal plane to another

Hamlet: “The time is out of joint.”

. (Ed McBain Long Time No See)

She nodded then, and said in a voice almost a whisper, “It was raining. It was very cold outside. It seemed as if it should be snowing …”

As they listened, the present dissolved into the past, only to become the present again – a different present, but an immediate nonetheless; whatever had happened in that basement room so long ago seemed to be happening here and now, this instant.