4. Scientific style

aims

- to create new concepts

- to prove some phenomenon

- to explain or analyse certain scientific notions or facts

substyles = the language of:

- humanitarian sciences

- exact sciences

- popular scientific prose

language of science

- is based on factual data

- possesses its own metalanguage

In photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesised from carbon dioxide and water by the chloroplasts of plant cells in the presence of light. Oxygen is the product of the reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A summary chemical equation for photosynthesis is:

6 CO2 = 6H2O C6H12O6+ 6O2

Compositional features

- a hierarchical structural arrangement:

introduction (topicality, aim, objectives, thesis, methods, theoretical and practical value)

chapters, parts

conclusion

bibliography (special conventions)

- logical division into paragraphs (a new idea = a new paragraph)

- extensive use of citation, references and foot-notes (conventions for references)

- use of illustrations, formulae, tables, diagrams supplied with concise commentary phrases

Lexical features

- scientific terminology

- bookish words (presume, infer, preconception)

- conventional set phrases (as we have seen, in conclusion, finally, as mentioned above)

- connective phrases and words to sustain coherence and logic (consequently, on the contrary, likewise)

- use of words in their primary meaning

- restricted use of evaluative vocabulary

absence of EM and SD

Syntactical features

- complete and standard syntactical mode of expression (the logical sequence of ideas)

- direct word order

- abundance of attributive groups (with a descriptive function)

- avoidance of ellipsis and shortened forms

- passive voice and non-finite verb forms (objectivity and impersonality)

- use of impersonal forms (we instead of I) and sentences (it can be inferred, assuming that)

A. Einstein’s theory of relativity

1. According to the special theory of relativity, spatial co-ordinates and time still have and absolute character in so far as they are directly measurable by stationary clocks and bodies. But they are relative in so far as they depend on the state of motion of the selected inertial system.

2. It was formerly believed that if all material things disappeared out if the universe, time and space would be left. According to the relativity theory, however, time and space disappear together with the things.

OBJECT AND SUBJECT OF THE RESEARCH

Structural, semantic and pragmatic peculiarities of contracts in English

The object of the research is a contract as a part of a business deal and a type of written business English.

The subject comprises investigation of linguistic features, in particular structural-semantic and pragmatic peculiarities of a contract which make technique of its writing obligatory for people involved in drawing up business documents.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

KYIV NATIONAL LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TRANSLATION

DEPARTMENT OF THE ENGLISH PHILOLOGY