- •Lecture 6
- •Logical attributes vs. Epithets proper
- •Typology:
- •Metaphor vs. Metonymy
- •3. Transfer of meaning based on the difference of two meanings
- •II. Figures of co-occurrence / combination (sd)
- •Structural means of comparison
- •2. Adverbial clauses of comparison: He looked at Sibil as a mouse might look at a cat.
- •3. Adjectives in the comparative degree: Roy behaved worse than a cut-throat.
- •4. Adverbial word-combinations containing prepositional attributes: With the quickness of a cat, Samuel climbed up the tree.
- •Implied simile - no formal markers
- •I. Semantically
- •II. Structurally
- •Simile vs. Logical comparison
- •Simile vs. Metaphor
- •Synonyms-substitutes / synonyms specifiers
- •2. Combination of opposite meanings
- •Oxymoron vs. Antithesis
- •3. Combination of inequivalent meanings
- •Typology
- •1.Logical widening of notions
- •Identical structurally, but different semantically
- •Stylistic syntax
- •1. The expressive value of syntax
- •Expressiveness and syntax
- •I. Galperin:
- •The sentence structure is changeable
- •1. Transformed models of the sentence:
Expressiveness and syntax
K.A.Dolinin:
Syntax, as contrasted to Lexis, is incapable of conveying emotions as such, but it immediately reacts to their presence or absence
E.A.Trofimova:
Expressiveness in syntax is the structural reaction of syntax to the presence or absence of emotions
E.g.: He rushed in. – In he rushed.
Scrooge went to bed and thought it over.
Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over and over. (Ch. Dickens)
I. Galperin:
- the structural elements have their own independent meaning and this meaning may affect the lexical meaning
- it may impart a special contextual meaning to some of the lexical units
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. (W. Shakespeare)
Tomorrow this petty pace creeps in from day to day
The sentence structure is changeable
the sentence
- can be shortened or extended;
- can be complete or incomplete;
- can be simple, compound, or complex;
- its word order may be variable;
- its communicative type is variable (assertion, negation, interrogation, exhortation)
Basic model of the sentence S – P - O - (Adv) =
= stylistically neutral (unmarked)
Stylistic connotations appear due to:
1. Transformed models of the sentence:
- reduced
- expanded
- permuted/violated
A. Morokhovsky - syntactical EM
Yu. Skrebnev - paradigmatic syntax
2. intersentential (linear) relations = relations between several sentences or structures (syntagmatic relations)
A. Morokhovsky - syntactical SD Yu. Skrebnev - syntagmatic syntax