• Typology:

I. Semantically

a. genuine/living metaphors

His words were coming so fast; they were leap-frogging themselves. (R. Chandler)

Де котиться між голубих лугів

Хмарина ніжна з білими плечима.

b. trite/ dead/ disguised metaphors

1.similarity of shape – crane, bulb, table’s leg;

2.similarity of position – foot of the mountain, head of the procession;

3.similarity of movement – fox-trot, to worm one’s way;

4.zoosemy – a fox, a bear, a monkey, to ape

5. phraseological word groups: to fly into a passion, to jump to conclusion, to fall in love.

II. Structurally

I. Simple (elementary)

The vinegar-hearted cook

Sales will go through the roof.

II. Sustained/prolonged/extended metaphors

Кто не видел киевской осени, тот никогда не поймет нежной прелести этих часов.

Первая звезда зажигается в тишине. Осенние пышные сады молча ждут ночи, зная что звезды обязательно будут падать на землю и сады поймают эти звезды, как в гамак, в гущу своей листвы и опустят на землю так осторожно, что никто в городе даже не проснется и не узнает об этом.

К. Паустовский «Повесть о жизни»

III. Functionally

- nominative

a leg of the table, an arm of the clock

крило будинку, двірники автомобіля

- cognitive/conceptual

black despair

SPRING IN THEIR STEPS

After a long hibernation, company bosses are beginning to rediscover their animal spirit. … They should also be aware that they will be powerfully influenced by the herd instinct...

… they will be judged less for spotting a good target than for digesting it well ...

…They’ll have to watch carefully to be sure that the competitive space into which the predator in front of them is so joyfully leaping does not lie at the edge of a cliff.

- figurative / imaginative :

Life is a bowl of cherries.

Patricia’s eyes were pools of still water.

Отруйні води ненависті клекотали довкола Кетлін.

Canonised metaphors = symbols

rose = dove = red colour =

is used :

- to create imagery;

- to carry out the aesthetic function

- to reveal the author’s emotional attitude