This is just to sa y

I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox

and which

you were probably

saving

for breakfast

Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold (W.C. Williams)

graphic EM = typographic techniques: type spelling, punctuation, text segmentation:

• italics, bold type

• capitalization, multiplication

• hyphenation/scanning, spacing out, underlining

She was simply beautiful. (italics)

I'll NEVER see him again. (capitalization)

"Appeeeee Noooooyeeeeeerrr!" (multiplication)

"His wife," I said. "W-I-F-E. (hyphenation)

"Im-pos-sible!". (scanning)

Stylistic effects and functions

- to emphasize information = stress in oral speech

- to render emotive connotations

- to appeal to readers’ feelings and emotion

i’m

asking

you dear to

what else could a

no but it doesn’t

of course but you don’t seem

to realize i can’t make

It clearer war just isn’t what

we imagine but please for god’s O

what the hell yea it’s true that was

me but that me isn’t me

can’t you see now no not

any christ but you

must understand

why because

i am

dead (e e cummings)

graphone (V. Maltzev, V. Kukharenko) = distortion of spelling norms due to mispronunciation

Aims:

- to reflect the territorial, social and national background of the speaker

- to render the idiolect of the speaker

Types

Interior graphones - changes in vowels and consonants

woman = 'ooman

hungry = 'ungry

told = tole

extra = hextra

worry = worrit

Contact graphones - changes at the word junctions

it was = 'twas

let you = letcha

can't you = cantcha

what do you = wuddaya

what you may call it = wuhchamacallit

kind of = kinda

Шуми, шуми волнами Рона

……

и на них флюгера не шумят

(М. Лермонтов)

Шуми, шуми волна Мирона

… …

на них флюгеране шумят

Is used to reflect different idiosyncrasies of speech

"Thquire!... Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth of bithnith, thith ith..." (Ch.Dickens) = lisping

B. Shaw – Pygmalion

Elise Dolittle : Ow, eez ye-ooa son, is e? Wal, fewd dan y’ de-ooty bawms a matther should, eed now bettern to to spawl a pore gel’s flashrzn than ran awy athaht pyin. Will ye-oo py me f’thm?

О! Так це синок ваш! Нічо’ не ска’еш, виховала мамуся! Це ж тре’, виваляв мені всі хвіалки в грязюці і втік! ... Так мо’ ви заплатите?

A means of characterization morphological stylistics Morphological em and sd

Prof. Screbnev -

Morphological stylistics = the stylistic potentials of Grammar forms

Prof. Morokhovsky

EM = stylistically marked member of the paradigmatic opposition

He remembers it = He does remember it.

scarcity of morphological EM due to the analytical character of the English language

SD = form transposition = violation of usual distribution of morphemes in context

Transposition = a divergence between the traditional usage of a morpheme and its situational (stylistic) usage.

Play of morphemes creates occasional, contextually bound words:

• They were toing and froing. (Ch.Dickens)

“Не можу, не вмію перекладати датські вірші, написані до дат, на випадок, за зобов”язанням.” (Л. Васил”єва)

Militant feminists grumble that history is exactly what it says, - His-story, and not Her-story at all “ (J. Robinson)