PHONOGRAPHICAL STYLSITICS

“People understand each other not just because they hear; on the contrary, they hear because they understand.” (O.Sirotinina)

I. Major patterns of sound arrangement

- no EM on the phonological level

- only SD (combinations and alterations of sounds in their syntagmatic succession)

Patterns of sound arrangement:

1. Versification

2. Sound instrumenting

1. Versification

Versification = art of writing verses - was created precisely to be spoken

a poem:

- rhyme

- rhythm

- special sound effects

- a special kind of language

- imagery

Rhyme =

- a coincidence of acoustic impressions in final words of parallel lines

- a sound organizer uniting lines into stanzas

fact - attract, mood - intrude; news - refuse

Types of rhymes

1. According to the position of the stress

- male (masculine/single):

dreams—streams

- female (feminine / double):

duty-beauty

berry-merry

Bicket - kick it

- dactylic (triple):

tenderly – slenderly; battery — flattery

2. According to the structure:

- simple rhymes (single words):stone-alone-own

- compound rhymes (word-group):bucket- pluck it favourite - savour it

- eye-rhyme - the endings are pronounced quite differently, but the spelling of the endings is similar

Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods,

Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. R. Burns

The source of the eye-rhyme is to be searched for in the remote past when many of the modrn homographs were also homophones. Many words that never sounded alike came to be used as eye-rhymes due to analogy: home-come, now - grow

- inner / internal rhyme - the final word rhymes with a word inside the line

I am the daughter of earth and water. (Shelley)

- blank verse - rhymeless verse (Shakespeare’s tragedies)

Should you ask me whence these stories,

Whence these legends and traditions

With the ordor of the forest,

With the dew and damp of meadows… (H.W. Longfellow)

Rhythm = an even alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in lines

metre = a strict regularity of stressed and unstressed syllables ( patterns)

foot = a combination of one stressed and one or two unstressed syllables in lines (a unit of metre)

types

1. Trochee

2. Iambus

3. Dactyl

4. Amphibrach

5. Anapaest

II. Sound-instrumentation

Instrumentation

- the art of selecting and combining sounds in order to make utterances expressive and melodic

- type of phonetic foregrounding

1. Alliteration

- a stylistically motivated repetition of consonants (at the beginning of words)

“You, lean, lanky lath of a lousy bastard! “ ( S. O’Casey)

- in advertising: slogans

Dior

Dune – the moment, the memory, the dream. (Vogue)

- in titles of books:

Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Ch. Dickens)

Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen)

- in set expressions:

last but not least, forgive and forget, good as gold, dead as a doornail, cool as a cucumber, still as a stone