Stylistic neologisms vs lexical neologisms

stylistic neologisms - denote existing objects

see-saw = battle; hush-hush work = secret work;

eggbeater = helicopter

lexical neologisms = new words denoting new objects/ concepts

rockumentary, push-button war, fruitologist

Nonce words =

- non-existent

- invented for the given occasion

- created by analogy with “legitimate” words

humanity - womanity

There was a balconyful of gentlemen

She objected to George because he was George. It was, as it were, his essential Georgeness that offended her.

winner-take-all voting

mad-as-hell voter

can’t-tell-the-truth-to-people philosophy

Barbarisms

borrowed words vs barbarisms vs foreign words

borrowed words = 'denizens’ = words naturalized

police, parliament, beautiful

barbarism = assimilated borrowings = 'aliens'

- preserved their native spelling and pronunciation

parvenu, protege, beau monde

foreign words = non-assimilated borrowings

- occasionally used in speech for stylistic reasons

“Mon Dieu!” murmured Poirot. “This is terrible! Ah, mon ami, it is this villainous sea that troubles me! The mal de mer - it is horrible suffering!” (A.Christie)

Barbarisms and foreign words are used to:

to give speech characteristics;

to show the foreign origin of the character;

to supply the local colouring

Р. Зорівчак Боліти болем слова нашого

амбасадор

в домені науки

репрезентант

імпакт

елімінувати

гльорифікований

рідерси

індикувати

на кшталт

peace negotiations – мирові переговори

the Canadian Peace Organization – канадська мирова організація

the heart disease – серцева хвороба

a protest meeting –протестний мітинг

hotel workers - готельні робітники

2. Colloquial / low-flown / degraded vocabulary

a/ common colloquial vocabulary - a part of Standard English word-stock - informal speech

oops, oh, gee, wow, alas (interjections)

demo, comp (contraction)

don't, s'long, с'топ, gimme, wanna, gonna (amalgamation of two words)

missy, girlie (affixation)

legman, yellow-belly (compounding and blending)

физиономия, портрет, морда, рожа, харя, рыло, будка

Colloquialisms are used to:

to mark the passage as informal, non-official, conversational

to give an emotional coloring to speech

to add authenticity in imitating oral communication

b/ slang

- non-standard vocabulary understood and used by the whole nation

- the language of sub-cultures

- the language of streets

Carl Sandburg:

"Slang is language that takes off its coat, spits on its hands, and goes to work".

Neutral Colloquial Slang

man chap bird

newspaper wrapper fish

policeman bobby pig

Sir, you speak English well. (formal)

Friend, you talk plain and hit the nail right on the head. (colloquial)

Buster, your line is the cat's pajamas./ Doll, you come on with the straight jazz, real cool like. (slang)

Cousin, y'all talk mighty fine. (American Southern dialect)

Paisano, you speak good the English. (ethnic-immigrant dialect)

types

1. general slang = "interjargon”

"money"

= moo, moolah, oof, boot, chuck, hardstuff, lettuce, lolly, sea-coal, green goods, hay, shoestring, ante, bread, ducats, dumps, bean, crap, dough, ochre, rubbish, salad, soap, sugar, iron, balsam, dust, tin, brass, fat, rocks, chips, corn, red, sand, bundle, oil, shells

2. special slang = "social and professional jargon”/ "shop talk”

military jargon

button man

brain bucket

picture gallery

stomach robber

typewriter

argot = the jargon of any professional criminal group