- •Lecture 2 - abridged
- •Language / Language-as-a-system
- •Speech / language-in-action
- •Speech activity/behaviour
- •Stylistics of language
- •Stylistics of speech
- •The problem of language and speech differentiation explains the difference between language and speech synonyms.
- •2. Norm, variant/invariant
- •Invariant is
- •Variants are
- •3. Forms of communication and language types
- •2/ Verbal:
- •4. The notion of style
- •Idiolect
- •Individual style
- •Individual style
- •5. The notion of context
- •2. The order of the procession was as follows:
- •6. The notion of foregrounding
- •7. The notion of em and sd
- •In Arthur Calgary's fatigued brain the word seemed to dance on the wall. Money! Money! Money! (a. Christie)
- •8. The notion of image
6. The notion of foregrounding
Prague Linguistic Circle
Foregrounding
- the ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance;
- involves a stylistic distortion of some sort;
Shklovsky's Russian term otsranenie, a method of 'defamiliarisation' in textual composition.
- a technique for 'making strange' in language
When I was a young man - two wives ago, 250,000 cigarettes ago, 3,000 quarts of booze ago.
Foregrounding refers to a form of textual patterning which is motivated specifically for literary-aesthetic purposes. Capable of working at any level of language, foregrounding typically involves a stylistic distortion of some sort
7. The notion of em and sd
EM =
- phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactical forms which exist in the language-as-a-system for the purpose of intensification of the utterance ( I.Galperin)
- marked members of stylistic oppositions, which have their invariant meaning in language (Morokhovsky)
“ A red-head Velma was. Cute she was.” Velma was red-head. She was cute.
We buddy-buddied together.
SD =
- an intentional change of a fixed (usual) distribution of language units in speech.
- a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit
- formed in speech thanks to linear, syntagmatic relations between speech units in a text:
In Arthur Calgary's fatigued brain the word seemed to dance on the wall. Money! Money! Money! (a. Christie)
convergence ( M.Riffaterre ) = an accumulation ('a bundle') of SDs that perform the same stylistic function
We went over to the bar. The customers, by ones and twos and threes, became quiet shadows that drifted soundless across the floor, soundless through the doors at the head of the stairs. Soundless as shadows on grass. They didn’t even let the doors swing. (R. Chandler)
8. The notion of image
image =
- a certain picture of the objective world
- a verbal subjective description of a person, event, etc.
YOU'RE A PIG
His smile was as stiff as a frozen fish. His long fingers made movements like dying butterflies. (R. Stout)