Idiolect

- the speech characterised by peculiarities typical of a particular individual;

- habitual idiosyncrasies;

- a person’s particular way of speaking;

- different from others;

- reveal person’s age, background, education, professional standing, etc.

Individual style

- peculiarities of a writer’s individual manner of using language means;

- deliberate choice of language media to achieve a desirable effect

style of E. Hemingway - 'flat', 'dry', 'restrained', 'journalistic’, 'tough guy’, 'macho'

Individual style

- verbal inventiveness

- clever manipulation of the elements of literary language

Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. (V. Nabokov)

contextually predetermined

5. The notion of context

context

- is the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc. (Maltzev)

- is the surroundings of the language unit in which its properties are being realized or displayed (Morokhovsky)

- cuts off all meanings irrelevant for the given situation

- foregrounds some denotative or connotative components of the semantic structure

types

- microcontext (of an utterance size),

- macrocontext (i.e. a paragraph or dialogical unity)

- megacontext (a chapter, several chapters or the whole work)

- temporal or chronological context . Historical accounts are more easily understood when evoked in the context of their own time.

- socio-historical context

- extralingual (situational) context

is formed by extralingual con­ditions in which communication takes place. Besides making the meaning of words well-defined, a situational context allows the speaker to economize on speech efforts and to avoid situationally redundant language signs. The com­mands of a surgeon in an operating room, such as "scalpel", "pincers" or "tampon", are understood by his assistants correctly and without any addi­tional explanations about what kind of tampon is needed.

- linguistic context

is the encirclement of a language unit by other language units in speech. Such encir­clement makes the meaning of the unit clear and unambiguous. It is especially important in case with polysemantic words. E.g.:

1. I never saw a larger cat, nor a more disreputable-looking cat. It had lost half its tail, one of its ears, and a fairly appreciable proportion of its nose. It was a long, sinewy-looking animal. It had a calm, contented air about it. (J.K. Jerome Three Men in a Boat)

Disreputable = 1. ганебний, такий, що має сумнівну репутацію; 2.обшарпаний, зношений, розідраний

“такого великого і відчайдушного кота я ще ніколи не зустрічав.”

2. The order of the procession was as follows:

Montmorency, carrying a stick.

Two disreputable-looking curs, friends of Montmorency’s.

George, carrying coats and rugs and smoking a short pipe.

Два непривабливих на вигляд собаки, приятелі Монтморенсі.

- stylistic context - M.Riffaterre

- a pattern broken by an unpredictable element

- a change of the usual distribution of the language unit

(1) We are faced with the host of the cottage.

(2) We are faced with a host of difficulties.