1/ Joined the majority

2/ Kicked the bucket

3/ Died

He disappeared in the dead of winter.

1/ rhythm

2/ alliteration [d]

3/ assonance [i ]

4/ conceptual metaphor: death is a journey

Stylistics is

- 'a linguistics of the effect of the message, of the output of the act of communication' (Riffaterre);

- 'a language science which deals with the results of the act of communication' (Galperin);

- 'a linguistic discipline which studies nominative and communicative language units and the principles according to which the units of all language levels are selected for achieving a certain pragmatic aim in different communicative situations' (Vorobyova )

Stylistics - the effect of choice, combination and usage of different language elements in rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication

1. We hope to arrive at approximately four o 'clock

2. We'll be there about four.

3. We'll turn up fourish.

Objects of investigation:

1/ special language media which due to their ontological features secure the desirable effect of the utterance (EM and SD);

2/ certain types of texts which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication (FS)

• The issues of Stylistics:

- language potentialities which may ensure effective speech activity of the speaker;

- synonymous ways of rendering ideas:

Please, come in.

Come in.

Get the hell in here.

- emotional and evaluative colouring of words and sentences:

I am firm.

You are obstinate.

He is pig-headed.

- the stylistic functions and the pragmatic aim of the language units;

- expressive resources of language (EM and SD):

And away they ran, past waltzing lamp-posts and houses and fences and trees. (K. Mansfield)

- the aesthetic function of language in literary texts;

- style as the individual manner of expression of an author in his use of the language;

- textual interpretation and stylistic analysis

Why should we do stylistics?

- to explore creativity in language use

- to explore and understand different text types

- to develop analytical capacities

- to arouse interest in language

Interpreter/translator

- to deal with all the variety of language means existing in the source and target language

- to be aware of the stylistic choice in the source and target language

to be yellow =

to drink till all is blue

rabbit =

crocodile =

dog days =

Wishes don’t wash dishes

As to this rushing down to Wales to visit the young man’s aunts, he fully expected they were old cats. (J. Galsworthy)

Щож до цієї скоропоспішної мандрівки в Уельс до тіток нареченого, то Джоліон не мав щонайменшого сумніву в тому, що тітки ті – старі єхидні баби.

2. Developments of stylistics

The word “stylistics” was first registered in English dictionaries in 1882. Initially the word stylistics first meant “the science of literary style, the study of stylistic features”. Stylistics is closely connected with rhetoric, the art of composition and delivery of speeches that appeared in the 5^th century B.C. Rhetoric dealt with choice of disposition of words in sentences and detailed organization.

Modern stylistics was elaborated at the end of the 19^th century and the beginning of the 20^th century as a direct opposition to the approach

of style as the art of writing.

This field straddles two interrelated movements in linguistics, known as Russian Formalism and Prague School Structuralism.

Russian Formalism: V. Shklovsky, B. Tomashevsky;

Prague School Structuralism: J. Mukarovsly, W. Mathesius, R. Jacobson;

Though the Formalist and Prague School movements have had a significant bearing on the way stylistics has developed, other schools in stylistic studies have made advances in solidifying the foundations of this discipline.

French school: Ch. Bally, M.Riffaterre;

British school: G.W.Turner, D. Crystal, P. Simpson;

Russian school: I. Galperin, I. Arnold, Yu. Screbnev;

Ukrainian school: O. Morokhovsky, O. Vorobyova, V. Kukharenko.