25. Актуальное членение предложения
ПО ЛЕКЦИЯМ ШУСТРОВОЙ
FSP – founded in the 20 c. 1939 – Mathesius article “About the so called actual division of the sentence” => the sentence with its grammatical parts maybe divided in 2 component parts according to the role in the communication process => actual division.
Important: the perspective (force) of the sentence in the act of communication in accord with a contextually relevant communicative purpose.
Mathesius: 1 part – the basis; 2 part – the nucleas. In Russia (Raskopov): основа высказывания и продуцированная часть высказывания. Later: the theme and the rheme.
Jan Firbas: communicative dynamism. He introduced one more part – transition. (My friend is a teacher). The theme – the lowest degree of CD; the rheme – the highest degree; transition – higher than the theme but lower than the rheme. => the question about the theme and the rheme proper.
FSP => the syntactic level isn’t the highest.
Trnka: 2 separate levels with their own ling. Units. 1 – syntactic (sentence), 2 – suprasyntactic (the utterance). Sentence – arrangement of naming means to create a situational event. Diverse syntactic relations: the doer – the action; action – object; action – circumstances or property. => semantic structure => enter the models of higher rank.
Utterance – function (to catty the amount of new information in the act of…) and structure (the elements of the sentence are distributed between the theme and the rheme)
1 sentence – 2 clashing utterances (The girl entered the room (the rheme) VS A girl (the rheme)…) and visa versa (We are ruled by foreigners (rheme) VS Foreigners rule us).
Prof VArdul – the potential syntactic level (sentence) and the actual (statement => too many other uses => equals the sentence => utterance is better).
Panfilov-Raskopov: The structural (R) or syntactic level and the Logical-grammatical (P) or communicative-syntactic = > sentence on both. (1 – organized formally; 2 – communicative org. – theme and rheme).
Trnka – more consistent.
Russia (Ilyish, Barhudarov): 1 level, unit – sentence => capable to have transformation forms on both: 1 – formal syntactic org. 2 FSP org.
Bloch – FSP – main means of predicativity
Formal manifestation depends on the language => English + a variety of means.
Bolinger: 2 unequal groups: 1st instance sentences (can begin a discourse, each developing the idea of the previous. The majority) and 2nd (when smth may be misunderstood by the listener. Have one heavily contrasted word and imitate the structure) => speak about them separately.
1st – if tnot restricted => word order is the main. In oral speech is always connected with intonation (usually from the theme to the rheme). Word order may be restricted by the context (situational, verbal) => semantic contextual means => words that influence CD (PERSONAL PRON: She is very keen on tennis (it); DETERMINERS: non-generic definite and indefinite articles + some pron.; demonstrative pron; indefinite, negative). Definite determ => weaken the position of the noun. Indefinite => strengthen. (He loved a girl (the girl\her)) Intensifiers (only, even, not) => strengthen (Even George worked hard). Construction “It is / was that /who + clause” => every element may become the rheme. (Mary sprained her ankle on the walk).
2nd intonation (contrastive stress). The contrasted word – the rheme. Even semi-axiliary words can be turned into the rheme. (Mary is a true friend).
New wave of interest => new problems. Construction and heavy stress – identical or different. => do havemuch in common, but different because^ sentences with construction don’t imitate the sentences they’re contrasted with. The construction can’t turn an attribute into a rheme. Scales are different.
В КАЧЕСТВЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ
(The division of the sentence into notional parts can be just so called — the "nominative division" (its existing names are the "grammatical division" and the "syntactic division"), called also the "functional sentence perspective".
Alongside of the nominative division of the sentence, the idea of the so-called "actual division" of the sentence has been put forward in theoretical linguistics)
Actual Division of the Sentence characterizes the division of the sentence into parts from the point of view of the semantic contribution they make to the total information conveyed by the sentence.
The main components:
The theme - expresses the starting point of the communication, i.e.denotes an object about which something is reported
The rheme - the central informative part of the communication
The theme and rheme are determined contextually.
Example: Mary is fond of poetry.
Here the theme is expressed by the subject, and the rheme, by the predicate. This kind of actual division is "direct" (if we approach it as a stylistically neutral construction).
The theme of the actual division of the sentence may or may not coincide with the subject of the sentence. The rheme of the actual division, in its turn, may or may not coincide with the predicate of the sentence — either with the whole predicate group or its part, such as the predicative, the object, the adverbial.
Example: Max bounded forward. Again Charlie is being too clever! Her advice can't be of any help to us.
In the first of the above sentences the rheme coincides with the whole predicate group. In the second sentence the adverbial introducer again can be characterised as a transitional element, i.e. an element informationally intermediary between the theme and the rheme, the latter being expressed by the rest of the predicate group, The main part of the rheme — the "peak" of informative perspective —- is rendered in this sentence by the intensified predicative too clever. In the third sentence the addressee object to us is more or less transitional, while the informative peak, as in the previous example, is expressed by the predicative of any help.
Example: Through the open window came the purr of an approaching motor car. Who is coming late but John! There is a difference of opinion between the parties.
Here the correlation between the nominative and actual divisions is the reverse: the theme is expressed by the predicate or its part, while the rheme is rendered by the subject.
The ADS takes into account the objective word order. But there is another Subjective word order that is used to intensify the sentence member or a separate word from the communicative point of view. *Popov invented radio (radio – главное слово). *Radio was invented by Popov (radio – главное слово).
The means of expressing the rheme:
Lexical meanings – particles (only, even)
Logical stress
Change of syntactic structure (It was he who did it)
Passive voice
Means of expressing theme: