- •5) Origin and evolution of political parties in Kazakhstan.
- •9) Pressure groups. Business groups in politics. Corporation.
- •10) Political participation in Kazakhstan.
- •12)Forms of participation in Kazakhstan.
- •Voting behavior types
- •17) Western Polyarchy as modern democracy.
- •18)Economic, social and political preconditions of democracy.
- •19) Stages of democratic transitions.
- •In the arena of social policy it may refer to a relaxation of laws restricting for example divorce, abortion, or drugs
- •In the arena of civil rights policy it may refer to the elimination of laws prohibiting same-sex sexual relations, same-sex marriage, interracial marriage, or interfaith marriage
- •21) Democratisation and globalisation.
- •30) Compare last elections into Majilis 2007 and 2012. What are the strengths and weaknesses?
- •107 Deputies of the Majilis will be elected in two stages:
- •In 2007, 337 members of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan participated in the elections of deputies from the Assembly.
- •31) Explain why the party “Nur Otan” is dominating in Kazakhstan party system? What is the role of other political parties in it?
- •32.Changes and reforms in the political system of independent states of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
- •It can be summed up as “the state is a collection of human beings occupying a definite territory under an organised government d is subject to no outside control.”
- •(1) Population
- •(4) Sovereignty
- •35. Globalization, its perspectives and problems, positive and negative sides. Anti-globalist movements.
- •36. International relations: essence, main stages, conceptions and basic tendencies.
- •List of international organization leaders in 2013
- •International Atomic Energy Agency Director-General - Yukiya Amano, Japan (2009–present)
- •International Civil Aviation Organization President of the Council - Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez, Mexico (2006–present) Secretary-General - Raymond Benjamin, France (2009–present)
- •International Labour Organization Director-General - Guy Ryder, uk (2012–present)
- •38. Main global problems of the modernity.
- •[Edit]Subfields
- •International relations
- •41. Explane difference between ethnic identity and civic identity. How do you understand national identity?
- •42. What is the difference between self government and local government?
- •Local government
- •43. What is the diference between federation and confederation?
- •Comparison chart
- •44)Basic actors of political relations, their essence and classification.
- •45)Explane difference between ethnic identity and civic identity. How do you understand national identity?
- •46)What is the difference between self- government and local government?
- •47)What is the diference between federation and confederation?
It can be summed up as “the state is a collection of human beings occupying a definite territory under an organised government d is subject to no outside control.”
The above mentioned definitions of a state reveal four characteristics or elements. They are- (a) population, (b) territory, (c) rganisation or government and (d) sovereignty. A state cannot be formed at all in the absence to any one of these characteristics.
(1) Population
The most basic characteristic of the state is population. As a human organisation the state cannot be formed without some people. A desert in which human beings do not live cannot be regarded as a state. However, there is no limit prescribed as to the size of population.
For an ideal state it should be 5,000 and, Aristotle thinks that it should be 10,000 minimum and 100,000 maximum. In modern times, the maximum and minimum size of population has not been prescribed. It means that there is no hard and fast rule about the size of the population of the state.
In fact, population varies from few thousands as in case of Monacol, Guatemala and Leech Tenstein to the millions as in China and India. Although the modern tendency is in favour of large population of state, it is unwise to have a very large population when its resources are scarce.
(2) Territory
The second characteristic of the state is territory or a fixed geographical area, on the earth. In the absence of a fixed territory a state cannot be constituted. As for example, the nomadic tribes like Gipsies and others cannot form a state of their own owing to the absence of a fixed territory, to reside in.
Similarly, the Jews did not from a state till, they definitely settled down in Israel in 1948. Like population, there is no limit set for the territory of a state. It may vary from a few square miles as in the case of Monacol and few million square miles as in the Soviet Union and the United States.
In the modern world today, small states as well as big states exist. From the administrative point of view small states are always better than big states but from the point of view of defense, they are not good all.
(3) Government
The state must possess an organized Government. It is the machinery through which the state must exercise its supreme power. It constitutes the brain of the state. A state cannot be thought of without some sort of Government.
The state performs its various functions through the Government. J.W. Garner says, Government is the agency or machinery through which common policies are determined and by which common affairs are regulated and common interests are promoted.”
(4) Sovereignty
The fourth and the most important element, or characteristic of the state is sovereignty. Sovereignty means supreme power or ultimate authority against which there can be no appeal. Externally, the state claims final and absolute authority. It is independent of any foreign control.
Internally, the state is supreme over all of its citizens and associations within its jurisdiction. All the individual within the state must submit to its will obediently.
Territorial Organization of the State
By design in the creation of countries consideration is given to the notion of decentralization of authority to territorial subunits. This decentralization may apply to the realms of political or judicial authority or division of powers or any combination. Thus, it is possible to distinguish among diverse degrees ofdecentralization of such power. From the maximum centralization of authorities and power in national bodies, up to the absolute decentralization of them to subnational entities allowing them to create and enforce legal norms within that jurisdiction.
In other words, the spatial applicability of the law is not one. Therefore, depending on the territory, there are several creators and enforcers of the legal rules. Within a country, there are national, local, provincial, departmental, regional, autonomic, and eventually, county bodies with a specific and exclusive competencies which vary from state to state. These competencies might be classified along normative, administrative or jurisdictional lines, valid in the whole territory for certain topics (when national) or just in part of the territory for other topics.
From a lower-higher perspective of decentralization, states can be classified as central or unitary, regional or composed by autonomies, federal, and confederations.
Since the federal state coexists with national, local, state or province, and even county authorities, it represents one of the most defined grades of decentralization of juridical-political power. This coexistence implies that all of the territorial units are elected by the community, autonomous from each other, and entitled to absolutely function within their own jurisdiction. It is about two different delegated branches ofgovernment with equal level, on one hand the federal level and, on the other, the local states level. In thefirst one, there are whole-territory valid rules issued and applied by federal bodies and made for all thepeople living there. On the other hand, there are local norms created by local bodies always taking into account the federal constitution, which are valid only in some part of the national territory and with a narrow scope of validity.