Раздел 4. Другие случаи употребления глагола в видо-временных формах

	Present simple	Present continuous	Present perfect	Present perfect continuous
Слова-инди-каторы	usually, often, always, sometimes, never, occasionally, every day/week/month/year, in the morning / afternoon / evening, at night, at the weekend, on Saturdays, once a week, и т.д.	now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight	for, since, so far, up to now, lately, recently, already, yet, just, always, ever, never, today, this week/month, how long, still (в отрицательных предложениях)	for, since, how long, all day /night/morning, и т.д.
Use	Обозначает – регулярные, повторяющиеся действия: I catch the 8 o'clock train every day. He works in a bank. – общеизвестные истины Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. Cats don't like water. – действие, которое произойдет в будущем согласно расписанию, программе, маршруту The train leaves at 3.30 this afternoon. The Prime Minister starts his official visit to China tomorrow.	Обозначает – действия, происходящие в момент речи Where's David? He's doing his homework. – действия, которые происходят в настоящий период времени (необязательно в момент речи) 'And what's Linda doing these days?' 'She's doing a course in engineering.' (Linda may not be studying engineering at this minute.)	Обозначает – действие, которое произошло в прошлом, а результат его важен либо очевиден в настоящем She has just washed her hair. They've already done their homework. Указывает на – опыт, который люди приобрели, совершив действия в прошлом, и который стал частью их настоящего He's taught English in five different countries. Have you been round the National Gallery?	Обозначает – действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента Sam has been talking on the phone for half an hour. (he is still talking) – действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось какое-то время, но к настоящему моменту закончилось (подчеркивается важность длительности действия, тогда как в Perfect более значим результат)
	Употребляется – для обозначения действия, которое происходит в данный момент, с глаголами, которые не употребляются в Continuous (Note 1) Adrian needs your help. That coat belongs to me. – в придаточных предложениях времени и условия для обозначения будущего времени; после союзов when, if, unless, before, after, until, as soon as, whenever, etc: I'll give her the message when she comes back. Will you tell me if you see her?	– действие, которое запланировано совершить в ближайшем будущем (особенно, когда определенно время и место) We're driving up to Scotland next week. – изменяющуюся или развивающуюся тенденцию Venice is falling into the sea. Употребляется – с наречиями always, constantly, continually для обозначения действий, которые происходят очень часто и вызывают раздражение, недовольство You're constantly interrupting me when I'm talking.	После конструкций to be + порядковое числительное или прилагательное в превосходной степени This is the first time I've been to London. She is the most honest person I've ever met. – действие, которое произошло в течение определенного периода времени, и этот период еще не закончен She has taken fifteen pictures today (период времени – today – еще не закончен, она может еще сделать снимки) – действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента, с глаголами, которые не употребляются в Continuous (особенно с be, have, like, know, etc) Rachel has had the dog for three years.	'You look tired. What have you been doing?' 'I've been playing football.' Her feet hurt. She has been walking all morning. Сравните: Present Perfect подчеркивает результат действия, может быть указание на точное число выполненных заданий: I've typed four reports so far. Present Perfect Continuous подчеркивает длительность действия: I've been typing reports all morning.

Note 1.

Глаголы, обозначающие состояния, а не действие, обычно не употребляются в Continuous. К таки глаголам можно отнести:

а) глаголы, выражающие предпочтения: like, love, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer, adore и т.д.

б) глаголы, обозначающие чувства, ощущения: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, sound. С данными глаголами часто употребляется модальный глагол can (could): Jim must be at home. I can see his car parked outside.

в) глаголы умственной деятельности: know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, notice, recognise, think, seem, see (=understand), expect (=think) и т.д.

г) некоторые другие глаголы, такие как be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, mean, own, want, owe, have (=possess), require, weigh, wish, keep (=continue) и т.д.

Но, некоторые из выше приведенных глаголов используются в Continuous, если они означают действие, а не состояние:

1.	I think he's lying. (=believe)
	I'm thinking about the plan. (=am considering)
2.	The food tastes delicious. (=has a delicious flavour)
	He is tasting the food. (=is testing the flavour of)
3.	I can see some people. (=perceive with my eyes)
	I see what you mean. (=understand)
	I'm seeing my doctor tomorrow. (=am meeting)
4.	This perfume smells nice. (=has a nice smell)
	He is smelling the milk. (=is sniffing)
5.	The baby's hair feels like silk. (=has the texture of)
	She is feeling the baby's forehead. (=is touching)
6.	Bob has a Porsche. (=possesses)
	He's having a shower at the moment. (=is taking a shower)
7.	This dress fits you perfectly. (=it is the right size)
	We are fitting new locks. (=are putting in)
8.	He is a rude person. (=character – permanent state)
	He is being rude. (=behaviour – temporary situation, usually with adjectives such as careful, silly, (im)polite, lazy, etc.)

Note 2.

С глаголами live, work, teach и feel (=have a particular emotion) можно использовать как Present Perfect, так и Present Perfect Continuous без разницы в значении.

We have lived / have been living here for twenty years.

Note 3.

• Наречия частотности (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom/rarely, never, etc) употребляются перед основным глаголом (read, work, etc), но после глагола to be, вспомогательных глаголов (do, have, etc) и модальных глаголов (can, should, etc). Эти наречия ставятся перед вспомогательными глаголами в кратких ответах.

Susan often goes skiing at the weekend.

Kim is sometimes rude to other people.

You can always call me if you need help.

Do you help your mother with the housework? – Yes, I usually do.

• Выражения every day, once/twice a week/month, most mornings/evenings, etc ставятся в начале или в конце предложения. А usually, often, sometimes, normally, occasionally – в начале или в конце предложения для подчеркивания передаваемого ими значения.

We go on holiday twice a year.

Usually, I finish work at five.

I feel bored sometimes.

• Наречия never, seldom, rarely имеют отрицательное значение, поэтому они никогда не употребляются с частицей not.

I rarely go to bed late. NOT: I rarely don't go …

1. Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

The plane to Sydney leaves at eleven o'clock. I have written two letters this morning. They're going on holiday on Saturday. Graham has known Errol for five years. You're always leaving the door open. We are rehearsing a new play at the moment. George has bought a new car. Lisa has been cleaning the house all morning. Look! Alison has dyed her hair! More and more people are recycling their rubbish.

actions which started in the past and continue up to the present action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present to express criticism or annoyance timetables and programmes actions that we have arranged to do in the near future action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking action which happened at an unstated time in the past changing or developing situations temporary actions

2. Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct position.

1. A: Do you wear sunglasses in the winter?

B: No, I do. (never)

No, I never do.

2. A: Do you like fishing, Alan?

B: Yes, I go fishing at weekends, (sometimes)

3. A: Do you go to the gym very often?

B: Yes, I go. (once a week)

4. A: How often do you visit your parents?

B: I visit them, (every weekend)

5. A: Do you eat in restaurants very often?

B: No, I do. (rarely)

6. A: Do you like oysters?

B: I don't know. I have eaten oysters, (never)

7. A: How often do you go on holiday?

B: I go on holiday, (once a year)

8. A: When do you read your post?

B: I read it on the way to work, (usually)

9. A: Shall I lock the door?

B: Of course. You should lock the door when you go out. (always)

10. A: You are breaking things! (always)

B: I'm sorry. I don't mean to.

3. Underline the correct word in bold.

1. I always/already do the housework on Saturdays.

2. We haven't booked our summer holiday just/yet.

3. My brother has just/ever joined the football club.

4. Linda has already/ever bought a new dress for the party.

5. Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food?

6. Joe has been in Paris since/for two weeks.

7. I have never/just seen this film before.

8. The secretary has typed twenty letters yet/so far this morning.

9. I have been working here since/still July.

10. The Taylors have moved house recently/so far.

11. They still/already haven't employed a new supervisor.

4. Underline the correct tense.

1. The plane leaves/has left at four o'clock. We must be at the airport by two o'clock.

2. It gets/is getting colder and colder every day.

3. Have you seen Linda? I have been looking/am looking for her for almost an hour.

4. Sam is a very interesting person. He knows/has known all kinds of unusual facts.

5. First, you are heating/heat the oven to a temperature of 180°C.

6. Have you heard the news? They have just elected/ have been electing a new club chairman!

7. Martha is finding/has found a new job. She is starting next week.

8. The teacher has been correcting/has corrected essays for three hours.

9. Michael's car broke down last week, so he uses/is using his father's for the time being.

10. It rarely gets/is getting very hot in Britain.

5. Choose the correct answer.

1. 'I met our new boss this morning.'

'I ______ him, too. He's very nice.'

A am meeting В have been meeting С have met

2. '______ in a hotel?'

'No, but my parents did last summer in Rome.'

A Have you ever stayed В Did you ever stay С Are you ever staying

3. 'Who is in that new film?'

'Well, a young actress ______ the leading role.'

A has been playing В plays С has played

4. 'Is David at home?'

'Yes, but he ______ a shower at the moment.'

A is having В has been having С has

5. 'Why are you so upset?'

'I ______ my favorite ring.'

A lose В have been losing С have lost

6. 'Have you found a house yet?'

'No. I ______ with my aunt at the moment.'

A stay В am staying С have stayed

6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form.

1. A: Tortoises ______live______ (live) to be very old.

B: I've heard of one which is over a hundred years old.

2. A: Are you still busy?

B: Yes. I ______ (read) this article for an hour and I still ______ (not/finish).

3. A: More and more people ______ (go) to university these days.

B: Yes. I think it's a good thing.

4. A: I ______ (have) a party tonight. Do you want to come?

B: Yes. What time does it start?

5. A: Why are your shoes wet?

B: I ______ (wash) the car.

6. A: What's the matter?

B: I ______ (break) my ankle.

7. A: What do I need to do next?

B: You ______ (add) the sugar to the mixture and you ______ (mix) it well.

8. A: Who ______ (use) my car?

B: I have.

9. A: Are you new here?

B: No. Actually, I ______ (live) here for almost ten years.

10. A: Pete is playing his music very loud.

B: Again! He ______ (always/do) that!

11. A: Have you made plans for Saturday yet?

B: I ______ (go) to the cinema with Jack.

12. A: Mr Collins is a very good teacher.

B: Well, he ______ (teach) Maths for twenty-five years, you know.

13. A: Are you going to the concert on Saturday night?

B: Yes. Actually, I ______ (already/buy) the tickets.

14. A: Hello, Simon.

B: Oh! We ______ (always/meet) each other in this supermarket.

7. a) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Dear Kathleen,

I 1) ______ (write) to tell you my news. My school 2) ______ (choose) me to spend six weeks at a school in the USA. I'm very happy about it!

At the moment, I 3)______ (pack) things for my trip, because I 4) ______ (leave) next week. My mother 5) ______ (book) the ticket.

I 6) ______ (wait) for this opportunity for ages, so I'm very excited. I 7) ______ (finish) reading two books about the USA and I 8)______ (borrow) another one from the school library. I 9) ______ (become) more and more nervous every day!

Well, I must go now. I've got a lot of things to do. I'll write to you from the USA.

Love, Tracy

b) Which of the present forms in the text above are used to express:

1. actions which happened at an unstated time in the past

2. actions which started in the past and continue up to the present with emphasis on duration

3. actions happening at or around the moment of speaking

4. changing and developing situations

5. actions that we have arranged to do in the near future

8. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

1. A: Why ______are you smelling______ (you/smell) the soap?

B: It ______ (smell) lovely. It's like roses!

2. A: Why ______ (you/taste) the soup?

B: To see if it ______ (taste) good. I think it needs more salt.

3. A: I ______ (feel) very tired.

B: You should go to bed early.

4. A: I ______ (see) Andy this evening.

B: I ______ (see). So, you don't want to come to the cinema with me, do you?

5. A: How much ______ (the bag of apples/weigh)?

B: I don't know yet. The man ______(weigh) the bag now.

6. A: I ______ (think) about buying a new car soon.

B: Why? I ______ (think) your car is fine. You don't need a new one.

7. A: What ______ (you/look) at?

B: The sky. It ______ (look) as if it's going to rain.

8. A: I really ______ (enjoy) home-made food.

B: So do I, and I ______ (enjoy) every bit of this meal.

9. A: Why ______ (you/feel) the radiator?

B: It______. (feel) cold in here. Is the heating on?

10. A: That famous opera singer ______ (appear) at the opera house tonight.

B: Yes. He ______ (appear) to be feeling better after his operation.

11. A: Chris ______ (be) a sensible person, isn't he?

B: Yes, but in this case he ______ (be) rather foolish.

12. A: My dad ______ (fit) the old blind from the living room in my bedroom today.

B: Really? ______ (it/fit) that window?

13. A: My back ______ (hurt).

B: Why don't you lie down for a while?

9. Circle the correct form of the verb in these sentences.

1. You're very quiet. What (do you think /are you thinking) about?

2. What (are you thinking /(do you think) about the new sports centre?

3. I'm sorry (I'm not agreeing / I don't agree) with you.

4. (Are you looking / Do you look) for me?

5. (Do you prefer / Are you preferring) walking to cycling?

6. (I don't like / I'm not liking) him at the moment.

7. (I hear / I'm hearing) you're leaving us.

8. I'm afraid (I'm not remembering / I don't remember) where we met.

9. (Do you listen / Are you listening) to the radio at the moment?

10. (I'm hating / I hate) cold evenings.

11. (I'm not looking forward / I don't look forward) to my holiday.

12. (They're looking / They look) at clothes at the moment.

13. Why (aren't you agreeing / don't you agree) with the idea?

14. What (is this meaning? / does this mean?)

15. (I'm not understanding / I don't understand) the lessons.

16. (I never agree / I'm never agreeing) with what he says.

17. (He knows / He's knowing) you're wrong.

18. (They watch / They're watching) us.

10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form.

1. A: Linda is learning (learn) to drive at the moment.

B: I know. She told me last week.

2. A: Has Alan got a job?

B: Oh yes. He ______ (be) the manager of a leisure centre.

3. A: Do you want to have a break now?

B: Not yet. I ______ (write) a report for tomorrow's meeting.

4. A: It's ten o'clock. Have you given the manager his letters?

B: Yes, and I ______ (also/type) six reports so far this morning.

5. A: Is Jeff still in the garden?

B: Yes. He ______ (plant) flowers all afternoon.

6. A: That author is very well-known, isn't she?

B: Yes. She ______ (write) twenty novels so far.

7. A: You look very happy today.

B: I am. I ______ (just/hear) some good news.

8. A: What time _________________________ (the play/start) tonight?

B: Seven o'clock, I think.

9. A: Are you new to this company?

B: Not really. In fact, I ______ (work) here for almost two years.

10. A: Are you ready for the concert?

B: Yes. I ______ (practise) for weeks.

11. A: Do you do any exercise at all?

B: Yes. Actually, I ______ (go) swimming three times a week.

11. Complete these sentences, putting the verbs into present simple or present continuous.

1. I (live) _______ in Washington, though I (stay) _______ in London at the moment.

2. The car isn't here today because Sheila (use) ______ it. She generally (use) ______ the bus, but the drivers are on strike.

3. We usually (stay) ______ at home on Fridays, but we came out tonight because we (celebrate) ______ our anniversary.

4. I (come)______ from Scotland, though I (live) ______ in London just now.

5. I (stay) ______ with my parents at the moment, though I (have) ______ my own flat.

6. They usually (work) ______ at the weekends, though they (not work) ______ at the moment.

7. He (teach) ______ in a language school, though he (work) ______ in a factory at the moment because the school's on holiday.

8. The business usually (make) ______ 'money, though it (do) ______ rather badly just now.

9. I usually (work) ______ at night, though I (have) ______ a holiday at the moment.

10. I (study) ______ French at the moment, but I (not speak) ______it very well yet.

12. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous.

1. Debbie … (work) as an administrator at the university. She ______ (organise) all the timetables and teaching schedules. She ______ (work) very long hours at the moment because it's the start of the academic year but she ______ (go), on a short holiday at the end of the month.

2. Simon and Sylvia ______ (stay) in a cottage in the Yorkshire Dales this month. The cottage ______ (belong) to a cousin of Sylvia's but the cousin is away: she ______ (cycle) around Norfolk for a few weeks. Simon and Sylvia often ______ (use) the cottage when Sylvia's cousin is away. They really ______ (enjoy) being in the middle of the countryside.

3. The International School for Languages ______ (do) very well at the moment. About two hundred students ______ (take) evening classes this term. Many of them ______ (need) to learn a new language to improve their job prospects but some of them ______ (learn) a new language purely for pleasure. The European languages ______ (be) very popular but Japanese and Russian ______ (get) more popular too. The school ______ (provide) good learning facilities and ______ (organise) a range of study tours.

4. The world population ______ (still increase) rapidly. Many people in the world ______ (already starve) and many more ______(suffer) from malnutrition. The population ______ (grow) fastest in the poorest countries where people ______ (need) to have children to look after them in their old age and where many of their children ______ (die) at a very young age.

13. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous. Maggie and Jill, two friends, are talking at a party.

M: Jill, how nice to see you. I (1) _______ (not think) we've seen each other since that party at Jim's last year. How (2) ______ (you/get on)?

J: Oh, fine. Everything (3) ______ (go) very well.

M: (4) ______ (you still/go out) with Dave?

J: No, I'm not, but, I (5) ______ (go out) with someone called Jamie: I met him at my pottery class.

M: Is he here now?

J: Yes look, he's over there. He (6) ______ (talk) to Charlotte.

M: Oh yes, (17) ______ (see) him. (8) ______ (he/wear) a yellow jumper?

J: Yes, that's him.

M: Oh, he (9) ______ (look) really nice.

J: He is. I introduce you to him when he (10) ______ (come) over here. So what about you? How (11) ______ (life/treat) you?

M: Not too badly. I (12) ______ (still/work) at that awful cafe. I (13) ______ (keep) looking for other jobs but the problem is that I (14) ______ (feel) so tired when I (15) ______ (get in) that I (16) ______ (not have) much energy to look through all the job ads and everything. Oh well, I (17) ______ (suppose) something else will come up soon.

J: I (18) ______ (hope) so; Oh look, Jamie (19) ______ (come over) here. (20) ______ (you/want) to meet him?

M: Oh yes.

14. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

Tim Bryant, a magazine journalist, is interviewing Margaret Rodwell, the founder of a successful company.

TB: So why do you think your company (1) ______ (be) so successful?

MR: Well, our products (2) ______ (fill) a large gap in the market and I think one of the most important things is that we (3) ______ (always listen) to our clients and we (4) ______ (act) on their comments and suggestions.

TB: And what's a typical day for you?

MR: Well, take today for example. I (5) ______ (interview) candidates for a marketing executive post.

TB: And how many (6) ______ (you/interview)?

MR: Er, I (7) ______ (interview) four so far. And I (8) ______ (talk) to clients on the phone on and off all day. I seem to spend a lot of time on the phone. I (9) ______ (discuss) some new ideas with them for the transportation and delivery of our products.

TB: Mm, it sounds like a very busy day.

MR: Oh, that's only part of it. I (10) ______ (have) two meetings, one with Union representatives and one with departmental heads. And I (11) ______ (also work) on a proposal for a new marketing strategy.

TB: And it's not two o'clock yet!

MR: No, but of course I (12) ______ (be) here since seven o'clock this morning.

TB: Gosh. And, I hope you don't mind my mentioning this Ms Rodwell, but some rumours (13) ______ (circulate) about your possible engagement to Mr Grimaldi, the banker.

MR: No, there will be no engagement, though it's true that Mr Grimaldi and I (14) ______ (see) each other. That's no secret.

TB: When you get the time, I suppose. And is it also true that you (15) ______ (learn) Russian with a view to introducing your products there?

MR: Yes, I have, but I (16) ______ (not learn) much yet; there's still a long way for me to go.

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

1. A: You look hot. What (1) _______ (you/do)?

B: I (2) ______ (run).

A: Running! In this heat? How far (3) ______ (you/ run)?

B: About four miles.

2. A: What's the problem? You look a bit preoccupied.

B: Yes, I (4) ______ (think) about Helen.

A: Why? Is there something wrong with her?

B; Well, she (5) ______ (act) so strangely lately.

A: In what way?

B: Well, some days when she arrives at work, I know that she (6) ______ (cry). And she (7) ______ (make) private calls when we're all out at lunch. I just think that something's going on.

A: (8)______ (you/talk) to her about it yet?

B: Yes, a few times, and each time she (9) ______ (say) that there's nothing wrong, but I'm-not so sure.

3. A: Where (10) ______ (you/be), Simon?

B: I (11) ______ (talk) to Mark on the phone. He says he (12) ______ (try) to phone us all day.

A: Well I (15) ______ (be) in most of the day but I (14) ______ (not hear) the phone.

B: That's strange. But anyway, he (15) ______ (have) a phone call from Jackie's mother and Jackie (16) ______ (be) in some kind of accident. It's nothing very serious but she's got to stay in hospital overnight.

A: Oh, dear.(17) ______ (she/break) any bones?

B: I'm not quite sure how badly she (18) ______ (be hurt} but I think we should go and see her tonight.

Чтобы проверить, как вы усвоили материал, сделайте Test 1.

4.2. Past simple, Past continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous
	Past simple	Past continuous	Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
Слова-инди-каторы	yesterday, then, when, How long ago…?, last night/week/month/year/Tuesday, three days/weeks ago, in 1997 и т.д.	while, when, as, all morning / evening / day / night и т.д.	before, after, already, just, for, since, till/until, when, by, by the time, never и т.д.	for, since, how long, before, until и т.д.
Use	Обозначает – действие, которое произошло в прошлом. Время действия указано либо понятно из ситуации. Your mother phoned a few minutes ago. I never learnt to swim as a child. – действия, которые происходили в прошлом одно за другим First she paid the driver, then she got out of the taxi. – привычки и регулярные действия в прошлом We went out for a meal every evening on holiday.	Обозначает – действие, которое происходило в указанный промежуток времени (начало и конец действия значения не имеют) At seven o'clock yesterday evening they were having dinner. – действие, которое развивалось, когда это первое было прервано вторым. Past Simple используется для обозначения второго действия. They were watching a film when we arrived. – для двух или более одновременных действий She was talking on her mobile phone while she was driving to work.	Обозначает – действие, которое произошло раньше другого действия в прошлом She had finished work when she met her friends for coffee. (She finished work first and then she met her friends.) – действие, которое закончилось в прошлом и, результат которого был очевиден в прошлом He was happy, he had signed an important contract.	Обозначает – действие, которое началось в прошлом, длилось некоторое время и закончилось до другого прошедшего действия They had been looking for a house for six months before they found the one they liked.

1. Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

People had very simple lives in those days. She was talking on the phone when her boss came in. Sam was in hospital because he had crashed his car. They had been studying hard all morning, so they were tired. I was cooking lunch while he was pouring the drinks. We had been living in the house for a year before we decorated the kitchen. Princess Diana did a lot of work for charity. At two o'clock this afternoon they were having lunch at work. First, she knocked on the door. Then, she went inside. We had bought the tickets before we went to the theatre.

to talk about actions of people who are no longer alive action which happened before another past action before a stated time in the past actions which happened immediately one after other in the past to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action action which was in progress at a stated time in the past two or more simultaneous actions action in progress when another action interrupted it action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past past habit or state which is now finished action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past

2. Choose the correct answer.

1. He went to bed B he had brushed his teeth.

A before В after С while

2. I was watching television ______ the doorbell rang.

A when В as soon as С while

3. She ______ hadn't finished the washing-up when the guests arrived.

A yet В just С still

4. We had been walking for hours ______ we reached the campsite.

A since В for С before

5. John was repairing the car______ Steve was tidying the garage.

A while В before С after

6. We went to Spain on holiday ______ .

A tomorrow В next year С last yea

7. I fell asleep ______ I closed my eyes.

A just В as soon as С already

8. ______ did Jane and Ted get married?

A How long В How long ago С While

9. She hasn't seen Jim ______ she left school.

A for В just С since

10. He won't go home ______ he has finished his work.

A how long В until С yet

11. I have lived in Kent______ ten years now.

A since В for С before

12. We haven't finished work ______

A yet В until С just

13. ______ did Tina meet Steve?

A How long В How long ago С While

3. A Brian and Ruth went on a day trip yesterday.

Look at the notes below and say what they did, using the linking words from the list.

first, then, next, after that, later, finally

S1: First, they travelled to Brighton by train.

9:15 – 10:30	travel to Brighton by train
10:30 – 11:30	look around shops
11:30 – 12:30	walk on beach
12:30 – 2:00	eat lunch at seaside restaurant
2:00 – 4:30	visit funfair
4:30 – 5:30	have afternoon tea

В Now, in pairs, ask and answer questions about what Brian and Ruth were doing at the times in the list below, as in the example.

SA: What were Brian and Ruth doing at half past nine in the morning?

SB: They were travelling to Brighton by train.

9:30 am	11:45 am	2:30 pm
11:00 am	1:15 pm	5:00 pm

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

A The sun 1) ______was shining______ (shine) and the birds 2) (sing) as Mike 3) (drive) down the country lane. He 4) (smile), because he 5) (look forward) to the journey ahead. Mike 6) (enjoy) driving, especially when he 7) (go) somewhere new. Then, suddenly, the engine 8) (begin) to make a strange noise and the car 9) (stop) dead in the middle of the road. Mike 10) (try) to start it, but nothing 11) (happen). He 12) (sigh), then 13) (get out) of the car. As he 14) (push) the car to the side of the road, Mike 15) (start) to wish he had stayed at home.

В John 1). (enter) his flat and 2) (close) the door. He 3) (hang up) his coat when he 4) (hear) a strange noise. A tap 5) (run) in the kitchen. He 6) (walk) into the kitchen and 7) (turn) it off. Then, he 8) (freeze). Someone 9) (stand) behind him. He 10) (take) a deep breath and 11) (turn) around. His flatmate, Steve, 12) (lean) in the doorway. 'You 13) (give) me a fright!' John exclaim Steve 14) (laugh) at him. John 15) (start) to laugh, too. 'I 16) (think) you had gone to London today,' he said. 17) (reply) Steve. 'Unfortunately 18) (miss) the train.

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.

Here he (l)______ (be), Davey Stark, the big rock star. It (2) ______ (be) the end of an exhausting two-hour concert. The fans (3) ______ (scream) and (4) _______ (shout). They (5) ______ (want) Davey, their hero. His face (6) ______ (pour) with sweat, his hair (7) ______ (drip) and his heart (8) ______ (thump) violently. But he (9)______ (love) these moments at the end of a concert. He always (10) ______ (feel) powerful and in control. He (11) ______ (decide) to do one more song for the crowd: one of his most popular. When he (12) ______ {start) singing, the crowd (13) ______ (go) wild. By the end of the song, they (14) ______ (all/dance) and (15) ______ (clap) their hands. When Davey (16) ______ (leave) the stage, he (17) ______ (be) exhausted but exhilarated. But when he (18) ______ (get back) to the dressing room, he (19) ______ (open) the door and (20) ______ (see) that two men (21) ______ (wait) for him. They (22) ______ (lock) the door behind Davey. He (23) ______ (shout) for his bodyguard Bernard, but no-one (24) ______ (come). The two men (25) ______ (tie) his hands behind his back, (26) ______ (blindfold) and (27) ______ (gag) him. Davey (28) ______ (can hear) Bernard in the next room. Bernard (29) ______ (talk) to someone and he (30) ______ (say) terrible things about Davey. He (31) ______ (say) that Davey (32) ______ (deserve) it. (33) ______ (Deserve) what? What (34) ______ (he/mean)? What (35) ______ (go on)? Why (36) ______ (not someone tell) him what (37) ______ (happen)?

6. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.

1. It (1) _______ (happen) in June 1985. It (2) ______ (be) summer and we (3) ______ (all/lie out) in the garden. My mother (4) ______ (read) and my uncle (5) ______ (just/doze) in the sun. We children (6) ______ (look for) worms and insects. And then he (7) ______ (arrive). He (8) ______ (be) a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes and he (9) ______ (look) straight at my mother. Her face (10) ______ (go) pale and her eyes ______ (open) wide with shock. 'Arthur, I (12) ______ (think) you (13) ______ (be) dead,' she (14) ______ (say) in a kind of whisper.

2. A: I (15) ______ (phone) you at about 9 o'clock this morning but you (16) ______ (not answer). What (17) ______ (you/do)?

B: Well, I (18) ______ (hear) the phone but I (19) ______ (have) a shower and I (20) ______ (can not) get out in time to answer it. Anyway, what (21) ______ (you/want)?

A: Well, last night I (22) ______ (clear out) that old desk you (23) ______ (give) me when I (24) ______ (come across) a pile of old letters with a red ribbon round them.

B: My letters?

A: Yes, they (25) ______ (be addressed) to you. And they (26) ______ (all/smell) of perfume, a man's perfume.

3. Last night Jake (27) ______ (wake up) at about 3 a.m. As soon as he (28) ______ (wake up), he (29) ______ (listen out) for strange noises but he (30) ______ (not hear) any. His father (31) ______ (snore) in the next room, some central heating pipes (32) … (make) a bit of a noise and a tap (33) ______ (drip) in the bathroom. It was all as usual. Jake (34) ______ (open) the window and (35) ______ (look) outside. The moon (36) ______ (be) full and it (37) ______ (shine) brightly. Jake (38) ______ (think) he (39) ______ (see) an owl in one of the trees. He (40) ______ (can certainly hear) one. But then he (41) ______ (see) something different. A man – no, it (42) ______ (be) a woman. She (43) ______ (wear) white and she (44) ______ (hide) behind a tree. Suddenly she, (45) ______ (run) towards the house.

7. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfect simple.

1. A: I'm sorry we're late. We (1) … (miss) the train.

B: How (2) ______ (that/happen)?

A: Well, I (3) ______ (get) the times wrong and when we (4) ______ (arrive) at the station, the train (5) ______ (just leave).

2. A: (6) ______ (you/have) a good meal at Hilary's?

B: Well no, it (7) ______ (be) very embarrassing. When we (8) ______ (arrive), we (9) ______ (know) immediately that she (10) ______ (forget) about the whole thing.

A: So what (11) ______ (she/do)?

S: Well, she (12) … (pretend) that she (13) ______ (not forget) and (14) ______ (say) that the meal (15) ______ (not be) ready because she (16) ______(get) home from work very late.

A: Oh no, how awful!

3. It (17) ______ (be) a beautiful morning. It (18) ______ (rain) in the night and so the ground (19) ______ (be) fresh and clean and it (20) ______ (smell) wonderful. None of the Taylor family (21) ______ (be) awake though. They (22) ______ (all go) to bed very late the night before. Their Australian cousin (23) ______ (arrive) unexpectedly that evening and they (24) ______ (sit up) talking most of the night. Although it (25) … (be) now 8 o'clock in the morning, they (26) ______ (only be) in bed for about two hours.

8. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfect simple.

James (1) _______ (sit) outside the office waiting for the interview. He (2) ______ (feel) so nervous that he (3) ______ (not know) what to do with himself. The person who (4) ______ (go in) before him (5) ______ (be) in there for nearly an hour. And she (6) ______ (look), so confident when she (7) ______ (go) in. Not like James. He (8) _______ (feel) sure that she (9) ______ (already get) the job. The problem (10) ______ (be) that he (11) ______ (want) this job so much. It (12) ______ (mean) everything to him. He (13) _______ (think) about it such a lot before the day of the interview. He (14) ______ (imagine) himself performing brilliantly at the interview and being offered the job immediately. But now here he (15) ______ (be) feeling terrible. He (16) ______ (cannot remember) all those things he (17) ______ (plan) to say. At that moment, he (18) ______ (almost decide) to get up and leave. But no – he (19) ______ (have to do) this. He (20) ______ (spend) so much time thinking about it that he (21) ______ (cannot give up) like that. His hands (22) ______ (be) hot and sticky and his mouth (23) ______ (feel) dry. Finally the door of the office (24) ______ (open). The woman who (25)______ (go in) an hour earlier (26) ______ (come out) looking very pleased with herself. She (27) ______ (smile) sympathetically at James. At that moment James (28) ______ (hate) her. The managing director then (29) ______ (appear) at the office door. 'Would you like to come in now, Mr Davis? I'm sorry to have kept you waiting,' James (30) ______ (suddenly wish) that he (31) ______ (go) home after all. He (32) ______(get up), legs shaking and forehead sweating and (33) ______ (wonder) whether he (34) ______ (look) as terrified as he (35) ______ (feel).

9. Underline the correct tense.

1. Lynne was singing/had sung as she was cleaning the windows.

2. Mr Todd was teaching/had been teaching for thirty years when he retired.

3. I phoned Jack because I wanted/had wanted to ask him a question.

4. They had walked/had been walking for hours when they stopped for a rest.

5. The shop had been selling/had sold the table by the time I got there.

6. Joe was happy. He was winning/had won first prize in the competition.

7. It was raining/had rained while they were playing the football match.

8. Rob was opening/opened the box and looked inside.

9. Eve was delighted to hear that she was getting/had got the job.

10. People used to work/were working very long hours in those days.

11. I was running when I slipped/was slipping on the ice.

12. They were already buying/had already bought the tickets when they went to the concert.

13. Carol had broken /was breaking her arm, so she couldn't write for six weeks.

14. We had been staying/stayed in a hotel by the sea last summer.

15. Elvis Presley sang/had sung lots of hit songs.

16. I opened/was opening the door and stepped outside.

17. They had stood/were standing outside when the results were announced.

18. Alexander Graham Bell had invented/invented the telephone.

19. She broke the glass while she had washed/was washing it.

10. Choose the correct answer.

1. 'Were you expecting James and Paul to stay dinner?'

'No, but I ______A______ a lot of food, so it didn't matter.'

A had prepared В was preparing С had been preparing

2. Tony has been singing for years, hasn't he?'

'Yes. He ________. his first record when he was sixteen.

A made В was making С had made

3. There was a power cut last night.'

'I know________. some paperwork when the lights went out.'

A had been doing B was doing C had done

4. 'Did you see Paul Simon in concert?'

'No. I was hoping to get tickets, but they ________'

A had sold out В sold out С were selling out

5. The restaurant was packed last night.'

'Yes. Luckily, I_____________. a table in advance.'

A was booking В had booked С had been booking

6. 'Did you watch the film yesterday?'

'No. It_________________. by the time we got home.'

A finished В was finishing С had finished

7. 'Did you stay up late last night?'

'No. I______________. all day, so I went to bed early.'

A had been working В worked С was working

8. 'Did you enjoy your holiday?'

'Yes. We ______________. most of our time on the beach.'

A had spent В were spending С spent

9. 'Kim looked tired this morning.'

'I know. She ________________. all night long.'

A studied В had studied С had been studying

10. 'So what happened?'

'We ____________ through the woods when we heard a gunshot.'

A had walked В walked С were walking

11. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. A: What were you doing (you/do) at ten o'clock this morning?

B: I _________ (read) some important documents in my office.

2. A: Why are you so disappointed?

B: Because I __ (hope) that I would pass the test, but I didn't.

3. A: Have you found your bag yet?

B: No, but I____ (report) it stolen to the police yesterday.

4. A: Did you enjoy the play last night?

B: No, even though I ____________

5. A: Have you written your report yet?

B: I _____________ (just/start) when you came in, actually.

6. A: Sorry I'm late.

B: Where have you been? I _______(expect) you an hour ago.

7. A: We _______ (go) to an antique market yesterday.

B: ______________(you/buy) anything?

8. A: Were you surprised that the factory closed down?

B: Not really. In fact, I ______ (know) it was going to happen.

9. A: Julia did well in the test, didn't she?

B: Yes. She ________ (study) very hard for it.

12. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A When Simon 1) ______arrived______ (arrive) at the cinema, dozens of people 2) ______ (queue) outside. They 3) ______ (wait) to see the same film as Simon. Simon, however, 4) ______ (buy) a ticket in advance, so he 5) ______ (walk) straight to the front of the queue and 6) ______ (enter) the cinema. He 7) ______ (feel) relieved that he didn't have to queue. He 8) ______(reach) his seat just as the lights 9) ______ (go down) for the start of the film.

В Last weekend, Cathy 1) ______ (hire) a car and 2) ______ (drive) to the seaside. When she 3) ______ (arrive) the wind 4) ______ (blow) and the sky 5) ______ (be) cloudy. She 6) ______ (get out) of the car and 7) ______ (take) a walk along the seafront. Then she 8) ______ (decide) to go for fish and chips at a nearby restaurant that she 9) ______ (see) earlier and liked the look of. By the time she 10)______ (leave) the restaurant, it 11) ______ (already/grow) dark. As she 12) ______ (walk) to her car it 13)______ (begin) to rain. However, Cathy 14)______ (not/mind) because she 15) ______ (have) a wonderful day.

13. a) Fill in the gaps with an appropriate past form.

One fine morning, a man 1) was fishing (fish) in a river. The sun 2) (shine) and the man 3) (sit) on the river bank. Everything was very quiet and peaceful. The man 4) (wait) patiently for several hours when suddenly he 5) (feel) something pulling on the fishing line. He 6) (stand up) quickly and 7) (begin) to take in the line. He 8) (just/lift) the huge fish he had caught out of the water when there was a loud splash and it fell back into the river. At first, the man didn't know what 9) (happen). Then, he 10) (look) carefully at his fishing line. It 11) (snap). The poor man was so disappointed that he 12) (pack) away all his things and went home.

b) Which of the past forms in the text above are used to express:

1. emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in the past

2. action which happened at a definite time in the past-time stated, known or implied

3. actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past

other in the past

4. to describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in the introduction to a story

5. action which happened before another past action

14. Complete the sentences using any appropriate past forms.

1. While Joanne ______was washing______ her hair, Carl was cleaning the house.

2. I have no idea where I_______________ my wallet.

3. He _______ his leg when he fell off his skateboard.

4. We ______ in the classroom for ten minutes before the teacher arrived.

5. She ______________ to the theatre last night.

6. My tooth ___________ for a week before I went to the dentist's.

7. She cried when she ____________________ her driving test.

8. What ____________________ when the alarm went off?

9. They got into the car and ________________ away.

10. I could tell she __________ the competition because she couldn't stop smiling.

11. We _______ along the beach when we heard a cry for help.

12. Tom _______ the piano for years before he became famous.

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A: Hello, Mark. You 1) ______took______ (take) a long time to answer the door.

B: Sorry. I 2) ______ (not/hear) the bell. Come in, Tony.

A: 3) What ______ (you/plan) to do today?

B: Well, I 4) ______ (think) of going for a picnic in the country, but the weather is awful so I 5) ______ (change) my mind.

A: Oh dear. Well, yesterday Mary 6) ______ (tell) me that she 7) ______ (buy) two tickets to see the Rocking Stars, but she couldn't go to the concert. So I 8) ______ (buy) the tickets from her, because I 9) ______ (think) you'd like to go.

B: Tony, that's brilliant! I 10) ______ (mean) to buy tickets for that concert, but they 11) ______ (sell out) by the time I 12) ______ (go) to the booking office.

A: Well, it's lucky I 13) ______ (see) Mary, then, isn't it?

16. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. A: Look at Steve! He is soaking wet.

B: I know. He ______has been washing______ (wash) the car.

2. A: Why ______ (you/make) so much food?

B: Well, I ____ (expect) guests, but they phoned to say they couldn't come.

3. A: Julia performed well at the concert.

B: Yes. She ______ (practise) for months beforehand.

4. A: ______ (you/ever/go) to Spain?

B: Yes. I ______ (go) last year.

5. A: I like your new coat.

B: Thank you. I ______ (wear) my old coat for years, so I decided to buy a new one.

6. A: Do you know this town well?

B: Of course. I ______ (live) here for six years.

Чтобы проверить, как вы усвоили материал, сделайте Tests 2, 4

4.3. Past Simple, Present Perfect

Past Simple	Present Perfect
Обозначает действие, которое произошло в прошлом и не связано с настоящим	Обозначает действие, которое произошло в прошлом и связано с настоящим
Обозначает
– действие, которое произошло в прошлом. Время действия указано или понятно из контекста. Simon painted his first picture in 1980. (When? In 1980. Время указано.)	– действие, которое произошло в прошлом. Точное время неизвестно или неважно, а важен факт или результат действия. Simon has painted a lot of pictures. (When? Неизвестно.)
– действие, которое началось и закончилось в прошлом Mr Clark taught Maths for thirty years. = He is no longer a teacher. He has retired.	– действие, которое началось в прошлом, но продолжается до сих пор Mrs Nelson has taught French for twenty years. = She started teaching French twenty years ago and she is still teaching French today.
– действие, которое произошло в прошлом и которое нельзя повторить (часто из-за чьей-либо смерти) Mike won more than twenty medals when he was an athlete. (He is no longer an athlete.) I once spoke to Frank Sinatra. (He's no longer alive. I won't speak to him again)	– действие, которое произошло в прошлом, но которое можно повторить Ben is an athlete. He has won more than ten medals. (He may win some more medals.) I've spoken to Celine Dion. (She is still alive. I may speak to her again)
– действие, которое произошло в течение определенного периода времени в прошлом. Этот период к настоящему моменту закончен I wrote three letters this morning. = данный период времени – this morning – закончен, сейчас день или вечер.	– действие, которое произошло в течение определенного периода времени в прошлом. Этот период еще продолжается I've written three letters this morning. = сейчас по-прежнему утро.

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect.

1. A: I 1)______ 've seen______ (see) this film before.

B: Me too, but I love this actor. He 2) ______(play) a lot of good roles.

A: Tom Cruise? I 3) _______________ (meet) him, you know.

B: Really? When?

A: When I 4) ____________ (be) in Los Angeles on holiday.

2. A: Who is that man?

B: He's an artist. He 1) _______________ (paint) a lot of beautiful pictures.

A: I think Van Gogh 2) ______ (paint) the most beautiful pictures ever. But his life 3) ______ (be) miserable.

3. A: I 1) ______ (just/hear from) an old friend of mine.

B: Oh, really?

A: Yes. Jim 2) ______ (write) to me. I 3) ______ (get) the letter this morning.

B: That's nice. When 4) ______(you/first/meet) him?

A: He 5) ______ (live) next door to me for three years, but he 6) ______ (move) away last June and I 7) ______ (not/see) him since.

2. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

Jake and Michael, two friends, are talking.

J: Hello, I (1) _______ (not see) you for ages.

M: No, it must be about two years since we last (2) ______ (meet). What (3) ______ (you/do) with yourself?

J: I (4) ______ (do) all sorts of things. Life (5) ______ (be) very busy lately. I (6) ______ (start) a new job at the sailing centre.

M: Really! Doing what?

J: Well, I (7) ______ (teach) beginners' courses to school groups this term but when those (8) ______ (finish), I'll be teaching more advanced groups on holiday courses.

M: That sounds great. What about your old job at the tourist office then?

J: Well, I (9) ______ (work) there for ten years and I quite (10) ______ (enjoy) the job but I (11) ______ (want) to do something different. I (12) ______ (always/enjoy) sailing in my spare time so I (13) ______ (think) it would be nice to do it for a job.

M: So how long (14) ______ (you/be) at the sailing centre?

J: For about two months now. I'm sure I (15) ______ (do) the right thing. It's a really enjoyable job. And what about you?

M: Well, I'm still at the Rembrandt Hotel. I (16) _______ (work) there for fifteen years now. But I (17) ______ (have) a promotion so that's good. They (18) ______ (give) me the job of head receptionist.

J: Oh, that's good news.

M: Yes, it (19) ______ (make) me feel much better about work. I mean, I (20) ______ (do) a lot of different jobs at the hotel but I (21) ______ (never have) a job with this much responsibility before. I (22) ______ (work) on the reception desk for four years when I (23) ______ (start) at the hotel – that was before they (24) ______ (move) me into the office – but I (25) ______ (be) only a junior receptionist then so I just (26)______ (do) what I (27) ______ (be told) to do.

J: So when (28) ______ (you/get) the new job?

M: A month ago, after I (29) ______ (pass) my intermediate exams in Spanish and German at the college. Did you know I (30) ______ (do) language evening classes at the college for a while now?

J: No, I didn't realize.

M: Yes, I (31) ______ (decide) that I (32) ______ (cannot get) any further at work without learning some languages.

A: And so you did! What a good idea.

3. In your notebook, rewrite the following passages putting the verbs into the present perfect simple or past simple.

News (1) _______ (just come in) that there (2) ______ (be) an air crash somewhere off the south coast of England. There (3) ______ (be) 120 passengers and crew on the plane and it is understood that no survivors (4) ______ (be found). Apparently the plane (5) ______ (go) mysteriously out of control and (6) ______ (plunge) into the sea. Relatives of most of the passengers and crew (7) ______ (now be informed) and many of them (8) ______ (set off) for the sea rescue base, but they (9) ______ (not be given) much hope. Most of the passengers (I0) ______ (be) on business.

Despite the problems that the government (11) ______ (have) in the last two years, it (l2) ______ (somehow manage) to stay in power. There (13) ______ (be) a number of scandals involving government ministers, including one rumour about the Prime Minister himself. It is said that he (4) ______ (promise) gifts to certain Members of Parliament in exchange for their vote before he (15) ______ (be elected) leader. In spite of all this, the government (16) ______ (maintain) its position in Parliament and (17) ______ (claim) that this (18) ______ (be) the most successful term of office that a government (19) ______ (ever have). This is rather surprising as they (20) ______ (come) to power with only a small majority.

Чтобы проверить, как вы усвоили материал, сделайте Test 3.

Повторите формы и значения настоящих и прошедших времен и сделайте Test 5.

4.4. Future forms (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Simple Continuous,

Future Perfect Continuous)

	Future Simple	Future Continuous	Future Perfect Simple	Future Perfect Continuous
Слова-инди-каторы	tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year, in two/three days/weeks и т.д.		before, by, by then, by the time, until/till (только в отрицательных предложениях)	by … for
Use	– употребляется для предсказаний будущих действий Sam will be here tomorrow. обычно после глаголов assume, believe, doubt, expect, hope, reckon, suppose, think; после выражений be sure/ afraid и с наречиями perhaps, possibly, probably, definitely I expect they'll be here soon. I'm afraid we won't be on time for the meeting I'll definitely tell him the truth this time.	Обозначает – действие, которое будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем This time tomorrow we'll be sitting on the plane. – действие, которое определенно произойдет в будущем, как результат, договоренности или естественного хода вещей Don't call Julie. I'll be seeing her later, so I'll pass the message on.	Обозначает – действие, которое будет завершено до определенного момента в будущем I'll have finished this book by tomorrow. I'll have told him the news by the time you get here. She won't have completed the report till/until 5 o'clock.	Обозначает – действие, которое начнется в будущем, будет совер-шаться до определенного момента в будущем и продолжаться в определенный момент в будущем или нет They might be tired when you see them because they'll have been working hard.
	Обозначает – спонтанные решения A: There isn't any milk left. B: Oh, isn't there? I'll get some in town. I'm going there later on.	Future simple выражает намерение, веру, надежду, предположение и желание Future continuous обозначает будущее действие или событие, не выражает намерения или желания I'll come and visit you tomorrow (намерение/ обещание) I'll be coming to visit you tomorrow so I can bring the magazines then. (будущее действие как нормальный ход событий) Will you come to the meeting tonight? (просьба) Will you be coming to the meeting tonight? (обыкновенный вопрос о будущем действии)
	– для выражения обещаний (обычно после глаголов promise, swear, guarantee), угроз, просьб, надежд, предложений и т.д. I'll do it for you, I promise. (promise) Will you open the window, please? (request) He won't come with me. (refusal) Stop that or I'll call the police, (threat) Shall I help you with that? (offer)

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the will future or the future continuous. Complete any short answers with will or won't.

1. A: Would you like to come over for lunch on Saturday?

B: Well unfortunately, I (1) _______ (work) all day Saturday.

A: Oh, that's a shame. Well, you (2) ______ (have to come over) another day. I (3) ______ (talk) to Andy about it and I (4) ______ (phone) you on Sunday. (5) ______ (you/be) in then?

B: Yes definitely. I (6) ______ (recover) from my week's work.

2. A: (7) ______ (you/go) to the meeting tonight? If so, I (8) ______ (give) you a lift there.

B: Oh yes please, that would be helpful. I (9) ______ (play) tennis until 7 o'clock but I (10) ______ (be) back shortly after that.

A: O.K. I (l1) ______ (pick you up) at about 7.30. (12) ______ (you/be) ready by then?

B: Yes. Don't worry. I (13) ______ (wait) for you when you get here.

3. A: Do you ever think about what you (l4) ______ (do) ten years' time?

B: Oh yes. I sometimes imagine that I (l5) ______ (do) a very important job and earning lots of money and that I (16) ______ (live) in a beautiful big house. But to be honest, I think I (17) ______ (still work) here and I (18) ______ (probably do) the same job.

A: No, you (19) ______. You (20) ______ (get) a better job soon, I'm sure you (21) … .

B: And so (22) ______ you.

A: And then we (23) ______ (go) on wonderful foreign holidays and we (24) ______ (learn) to speak different languages.

B: Perhaps.

4. A: Oh dear, I've run out of stamps. I (25) ______ (not able to post) these letters now.

B: Well, I (26) ______ (go) to the post office later on. I (27) ______ (take) the letters and post them for you.

A: Oh thank you. I (28) ______ (give) you the money for the stamps.

5. A: So I (29) ______ (wait) for you when you get to the station. I (30) ______ (not come) onto the platform but I (31) ______ (see) you by the ticket office.

B: O.K., that's fine. I (32) ______ (carry) a heavy suitcase so I think we (33) ______ (have to get) a taxi from the station.

2. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple, future simple, future perfect simple or future perfect continuous.

1. I think she ______ (hear) all about it by the time I ______ (see) her.

2. I reckon I ______ (finish) this book by the weekend and then I ______ (give) it to you.

3. The children ______ (be) hungry when they ______ (get in) because they ______ (run around) all afternoon.

4. This government ______ (be) in power for eight years soon but I don't think they ______ (win) the next election.

5. ______ (you/eat) when you ______ (get) here? If not, I ______ (make) you something.

6. Don't phone them now. They ______ (not get) home yet. They ______ (probably get back) at about half-past eight.

7. I think they ______ (finish) building the house by the time the winter ______ (come) and then we ______ (move in) in the New Year.

8. I expect they ______ (be) tired when you ______ (see) them because they ______ (work) all day.

9. If I ______ (come) and see the film with you on Saturday, I ______ (see) it six times. But it is my favourite film of all time: I think you ______ (love) it.

10. Why don't you come round at 9 o'clock? The children ______ (go) to bed then so it ______ (be) nice and peaceful.

4.5. Will, be going to, Present Continuous, Present Simple as future

will	be going to	Present Continuous	Present Simple as future
Употребляется, когда мы делаем предсказание на основе того, что мы думаем, полагаем или представляем In the 2020 people will drive electric cars.	Употребляется, когда мы делаем – предсказание на основе того, что мы видим или знаем She is going to cut the sunflower. (we can see it) Look at the clouds! It's going to rain.	Обозначает запланированное действие (особенно, когда определенно время и место) I'm flying to Lisbon tomorrow morning	Обозначает дейс-твие, которое произойдет в бу-дущем согласно расписанию, программе, маршруту The bus arrives in Liverpool at 7:30.
Обозначает спон-танные действия (in a shop) I like this hat better than the other. I'll take it.	Обозначает запла-нированное дейст-вия, намерение I'm going to give this blouse to my daughter as a gift.	Употребляется с глаголами со значе-нием "движение" go, come и т. д. Sam is going to the market in a few minutes.	Для выражения будущего дейст-вия в предло-жениях с every-thing, anything, whatever, It is important, etc: Everything that you say will be recorded. You will do whatever I ask you to.
	Употребляется, когда речь идет о намерении совер-шить действие и предварительной подготовки к этому действию не надо I'm going to write a letter to my parents tonight. (важно намерение) but we do not say: I'm writing a letter to my parents tonight. (никакой подготов-ки не надо)

3. Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.

1. I like these shoes. I'll buy them. 2. They will have eaten lunch by two o'clock this afternoon. 3. I'm going to open my own business in the future. 4. This time tomorrow, I'll be taking my driving test. 5. By the time Jack finishes the race, he will have been running for two hours. 6. Everyone believes he will win the competition. 7. I'll tell Paul about the party. I'll be seeing him at work anyway. 8. Will you be speaking to Rob later? I've got a message for him. 9. Look at them! They are going to catch the thieves. 10. Since you're tired, I'll cook dinner tonight.

for offers, promises, threats, etc action which will definitely happen in the future as a result of a routine or arrangement for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future predictions about the future asking politely about someone's plans for the near future action which will be finished before a stated future time to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future action which will be in progress at a stated future time on-the-spot decision j) predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future

4. A. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate tense form.

Next month, Maggie 1) Is going (go) to Australia to visit her sister, who she hasn't seen for fifteen years. The plane 2)____ (leave) early in the morning and 3) _________ (stop off) at Singapore before flying on to Sydney. It 4)__________ (be) a very long, tiring journey, but Maggie is very excited because this time next month, she 5) ___________ (begin) her adventure on the other side of the world. She 6)_________ (stay) in Australia for one month. She has booked her flight, so she 7)________ (fly) back to Britain on 31st May. She hopes that she 8) ________ (visit) lots of fascinating places and seen many interesting things by the time her holidays are over.

В. Which of the tense forms in the text above are used to express:

1. timetables/programmes

2. actions which will have finished before a stated future time

3. plans or intentions

4. fixed arrangements in the near future

5. actions which will be in progress at a stated future time

6. predictions based on what we know

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future tense.

1. A: Your house is very small.

B: I know. I ______'m going to move______ (move) to a bigger house next year.

2. A: I have got a new job!

B: Wonderful! I ____________ (call) Mum and tell her the good news.

3. A: How old is your daughter?

B: She __________ (be) fourteen next week.

4. A: I must phone Julia.

B: Well, don't phone her now. She ____________ (sleep).

5. A: Have you been living here long?

B: Yes. By next month, I ___________ (live) here for ten years.

6. A: Are you having a party next weekend?

B: Yes. I hope I ____________(finish) decorating the house by then.

7. A: What are your plans for tonight?

B: Well, I ______________ (meet) Steve at eighth o'clock.

8. A: I must buy some bread.

B: You'd better hurry. The shops ___________ (close) in half an hour.

9. A: Shall I call you at ten o'clock tomorrow?

B: No. I ____________ (leave) for work by then.

10. A: Are you coming to the disco on Friday night?

B: I can't. I _______________ (study) for my exam then.

11. A: Are you excited about going to California?

B: Yes! This time tomorrow I ________________ (fly)across the Atlantic.

12. A: It's seven o'clock.

B: Yes. John ____________ (leave) the office by now.

13. A: There's somebody at the door.

B: Oh. That____________ (be) the postman

14. A: I've left my jacket at home.

B: I ____________go) back and get it for you.

15. A: Have you booked a taxi to take you to the airport?

B: Yes. It ___________ (come) at eight o'clock in the morning.

16. A: Are you nervous about the interview?

B: Yes. This time tomorrow, I ________ (talk) to the managing director.

6. Fill in the future simple, the present simple or the present perfect.

A My car is being repaired and I don't know when it 1) will be (be) ready. I doubt whether I 2) ______ (be able to) collect it before the weekend. I wonder if John 3) ______ (give) me a lift to the party on Saturday. I'll ask him when he 4) ______ (come) home.

B I was calling to ask if you'd like to go out after we 1) ______ (finish) work tomorrow or if you 2) ______ (want) to watch a video instead. Call me back as soon as you 3) ______ (get) in. I'll wait until I 4) _______ (hear) from уou.

С I will leave the hotel early in case there 1) ______(be) a lot of traffic. I don't know how long the journey 2) ______ (take) or what time the plane 3)______ (land), but I 4) ______ (call) you as soon as I 5) ______ (arrive) at the airport. Then, I will wait until you 6) ______ (come) to collect me.

D Paula is drinking tea as she is waiting for Charles. She wonders if he 1)______ (be) late as usual. She will wait until the clock 2)______ (strike) five and then she will call him in case he 3)_________ (forget).

7. Put the verbs into the be going to future or the shall/will future. If both tenses are possible, choose the one that is most appropriate for the context.

Two friends Jack and David, are talking.

J: Have you decided what you (1) ______ (do) this weekend?

D: Yes, we (2) ______ (have) a quiet day on Saturday and then on Sunday we (3) ______ (take) a bus up into the mountains and do some walking. And we (4) ______ (probably book into) a hotel there for the night. What about you? (5) ______ (you/do) lots of work as usual?

J: Well, no. Mark phoned last night about coming down this weekend.

D: Really?

J: Yes, he (6) ______ on Friday.

D: Oh, I'd like to see him. I think I (7) ______ (phone him up) tonight and arrange something.

J: Well, we're planning to spend the day on the beach on Saturday. We (8) ______ (do) some swimming and sunbathing. I just hope the weather (9) ______ (be) warm enough. And then on Saturday night we (10) ______ (see) that new film with Tom Cruise.

D: Well, as I've got nothing planned, I (11) ______ (join) you at the beach on Saturday then, if that's O.K.

J: Of course it is. I (12) ______ (pick you up) from your flat some time after breakfast.

D: Oh thanks. (13) ______ (I/bring) a picnic?

J: Yes. Why not? I tell you what: Mark and I (14) ______ (make) some sandwiches and (15) ______ (you/bring) some salad and fruit?

D: Yes, fine. I (16) ______ (do) that. Good. That (17) ______ (save) us all the cost of eating out. And what about the film? What time (18) ______ (you/see) that?

J: We (19) ______ (see) the early showing at 6.00 and then we (20) ______ (try out) that new disco in town.

D: Right. Well, I think I (21) ______ (spend) the evening at home with Sarah.

J: O.K. So I (22) ______ (see) you on Saturday morning, probably at around 10 o'clock.

D: Fine.

8. In your notebook, rewrite the dialogue, substituting the verbs in the be going to future with the present continuous as future where this is possible.

A: ¹Are you going to come to the meeting tomorrow about the proposed staff cuts?

B: Oh yes, definitely.

A: Have you read the report about the cuts?

B: No, not yet. ²I'm going to read it tonight. What does it say?

A: Well, ³here are going to be quite a few cuts in this department.

B: Oh no. I wonder ⁴who's going to lose their job.

A: I don't know. I think ⁵they're going to ask people if they want to take voluntary redundancy.

B: Well, I certainly don't want that. ⁶We're going to move into a new flat next month and the rent's quite high. I don't know ⁷that's going to happen if I lose my job.

A: Oh, don't worry about it too much. I'm sure ⁸everything's going to be all right. Look, why don't we go out for drink after work.

B: I can't. ⁹I'm going to meet some friends for a meal and then ¹⁰we're going to go to the cinema.

A: Well what about tomorrow night? ¹¹Are you going to go out then?

B: No, ¹²I'm not going to do anything.

A: So let's go out after the meeting.

B: OK. Good idea.

Example: 1 Are you coming…

9. Where possible, put the verbs in brackets into the present simple. Where this is not possible, use the will future.

A teacher is giving some students the details of a forthcoming trip.

The coach (1) ______ (leave) here at 9.00 a.m., and we (2) ______ (arrive) at the field study centre before lunch. When we (3) …(get) there,' you (4) ______ (be shown) to your rooms and (5) ______ (be given) time to unpack. Lunch (6) ______ (be served) in the dining-room at 12.30 precisely so make sure you (7) ______ (not get) there late. When lunch (8) ______ (finish), it (9) ______ (be) time to get ready for our first activity: a walk down to the beach to look at the rock pools. Nets, magnifying glasses and containers (10) ______ (be provide) by the centre. If the weather (11) ______ (be) fine, we (12) ______ (stay) on the beach for the whole of the afternoon. Otherwise, we (13) ______ (go back) to the centre after an hour or two and watch a video on seashore life. You (14) ______ (be expected) to keep a written record of everything that you (15) ______ (find) and we (16) ______ (look) at all the records when we (17) ______ (get back) to school at the end of the week. Mr McNeill, the field study supervisor, is very knowledgeable and I'm sure that he (18) ______ (help) you to identify anything that you (19) ______ (not recognize). Supper (20) ______ (be served) at 6.00, and at 8.00 there (21) ______ (be) an evening activity. On the first night, Mr McNeill (22) ______ (plan) to go on a moonlight walk with us to look for bats. It is important that you (23) ______ (stay) together on this walk. Please don't wander off. It (24) ______ (not be) easy for us to find you if you (25) ______ (get lost) in the dark. Behave sensibly and I'm sure you (26) ______ (all have) a wonderful time.

10. Write the following sentences in the correct form (present simple, future continuous, future perfect or future perfect continuous). If more than one answer is possible, write the most likely one.

1. Next November we ______ married for fifteen years. (be)

2. What time______? (train leave)

3. Just think! This time next week we _______ on the beach! (lie)

4. I ______ at the airport when your plane lands. (wait)

5. In two weeks' time she ______ her exams. (finish)

6. ______ Brian at the meeting? (you see)

7. At ten o'clock I ______ for sixteen hours. (drive)

8. Hurry up! The lecture ______ in five minutes. (start)

9. By the end of the week we _____ten applicants for the job. (interview)

10. Next time I write to you I _______ in Australia. (live)

Чтобы проверить, как вы усвоили материал, сделайте Tests 6,7.