
- •Introduction
- •Intended learning outcomes
- •1. Basic concepts of elt methodology:
- •2. A Historical Overview of Early Methods
- •The Grammar-Translation Method
- •Objectives
- •Key Features
- •Typical Techniques
- •Comments
- •Reform Movements and the Direct Method
- •Comments
- •Disadvantages of Direct Method
- •3. Contributions of Other Disciplines
- •4. Approaches to Learning and Motivation in Foreign Language education
- •Inquiry as an example of constructivist teaching:
- •1.5. Conceptions of Foreign Language Teaching
- •Science-Research Conceptions
- •Theory-Philosophy Conceptions
- •Values-based approaches
- •The Essential Skills of Teaching
- •Values-based approaches:
- •Section II- Analyzing Methods of foreign language teaching
- •Objectives
- •Key Features
- •Comments
- •The Silent Way (c. Gattegno) Background
- •Involve me and I learn.
- •Approach
- •The syllabus
- •Learner roles
- •Procedure
- •Community Language Learning (Charles Curran) Background
- •Approach
- •Theory of learning
- •Objectives
- •Key Features
- •Typical Techniques
- •Objectives
- •The syllabus
- •Learner roles
- •Teacher roles
- •Procedure
- •Conclusion
- •(G. Lozanov)
- •Major Concepts and Features
- •1. Mental Reserve Capacities (mrc)
- •2. Psychological “Set-Up”
- •3. Suggestion
- •4. Anti-Suggestive Barriers
- •5. Means of Suggestion
- •Infantilization
- •Intonation
- •Total Physical Response (tpr) (j. Asher) Background
- •Approach
- •1. The Bio Program
- •2. Brain Lateralization
- •3. Reduction of Stress
- •Types of learning and teaching activities
- •Procedure
- •Conclusion
- •The Natural Approach (Krashen & Terrell) Background
- •Approach
- •Theory of language
- •The natural order hypothesis
- •Objectives
- •The syllabus
- •Types of learning and teaching activities
- •Learner roles
- •Procedure
- •Conclusion
- •1. Communicative Approach (Communicative Language Teaching) Background
- •Approach
- •Teacher roles
- •The role of instructional materials
- •Conclusion
- •2. Eclectic Approach
Procedure
Asher provides a lesson-by-lesson account of a course taught according to TPR principles, which serves as a source of information on the procedures used in the TPR classroom. The course was for adult immigrants and consisted of 159 hours of classroom instruction. The sixth class in the course proceeded in the following way:
Review. This was a fast-moving warm-up in which individual students were moved with commands such as: Batyrzhan, drive your car around Bolat and honk your horn.
Aygerim, throw the red flower to Mariam.
Mariam, scream.
Dina, pick up the knife and spoon and put them in the cup.
Eric, take a drink of water and give the cup to Dinara.
New commands. These verbs were introduced.
-
wash
your hands,
your face,
your hair,
the cup.
look for
a towel,
the soap,
hold
a comb.
the book,
the cup,
the soap.
comb
your hair.
Mariam's hair.
Marat's hair.
brush
your teeth,
your pants,
the table.
-
Other items introduced were:
Rectangle
Draw a rectangle on the chalkboard.
Pick up a rectangle from the table and give it to me.
Put the rectangle next to the square.
Triangle
Catch the triangle and put it next to the rectangle.
Pick up the triangle from the table and give it to me.
Quickly
Walk quickly to the door and hit it.
Quickly, run to the table and touch the square.
Sit down quickly and laugh.
Slowly
Walk slowly to the window and jump.
Slowly, stand up.
Slowly walk to me and hit me on the arm.
Toothpaste
Look for the toothpaste.
Throw the toothpaste to Wing.
Wing, unscrew the top of the toothpaste.
Next, the instructor asked simple questions which the student could answer with a gesture such as pointing. Examples would be:
Where is the towel? [Eric, point to the towel!]
Where is the toothbrush? [Dina, point to the toothbrush!]
Where is Aygerim?
Role reversal. Students readily volunteered to utter commands that manipulated the behavior of the instructor and other students....
Reading and writing. The instructor wrote on the chalkboard each new vocabulary item and a sentence to illustrate the item. Then she spoke each item and acted out the sentence. The students listened as she read the material. Some copied the information in their notebooks.