
- •Iryna Levchyk
- •Professional English for Psychologists
- •Охороняється законом про авторське право. Жодна частина даного видання не може бути використана чи відтворена в будь-якому вигляді без дозволу авторів.
- •Передмова
- •The field & history of psychology
- •I. What is psychology?
- •II. History of Psychology
- •Word list:
- •Personality
- •I. The Psychobiological approach
- •II. The Psychoanalytic Approach
- •III. The Dispositional Approach
- •IV. The Behavioral Approach
- •V. The Cognitive Approach
- •VI. The Humanistic Approach
- •Word list:
- •Research methods
- •I. Why Are Research Methods Important?
- •II. Different Types of Research Methods
- •III. How Do Non-Scientists Gather Information?
- •IV. The Scientific Method
- •V. Key Terms
- •Word list:
- •Stress & health
- •I. Background
- •II. Types of Stress
- •III. Stress and Illness
- •IV. Major Types/Sources of Stress
- •V. Stress & Psychological Functioning
- •Word list:
- •Psychotherapy
- •I. Introduction
- •II. Psychotherapies
- •1. Assumptions:
- •III. Deinstitutionalization and the Revolving Door
- •1. Positives:
- •2. Negatives:
- •Word list:
- •Glossary
- •Bibliography
II. The Psychoanalytic Approach
(rooted in the psychobiological approach) - this theory is extremely popular, and was developed by Freud.
A. Psychosexual Theory of the Structure of Personality
1) Id (Latin for "it") -- contains innate biological drives, seeks immediate gratification, and operates by the pleasure principle (seeking gratification of impulses).
2) Ego (Latin for "I") -- helps the individual adapt to external reality by making compromises between the id, the superego, and the environment. Operates by the "reality principle" -- directs the individual to express sexual and aggressive impulses in socially acceptable ways.
3) Superego (Latin for "over the I") -- acts as our moral guide; contains the conscience, which makes us feel guilty for doing or thinking something wrong; also contains the ego ideal, which makes us feel good for wanting or doing something good.
4) Defense Mechanisms -- distort reality to protect the ego from anxiety caused by id impulses. There are many different types of defense mechanisms:
a) repression -- this is the most often used and central main defense mechanism; it is common to all the others. Repression can be defined as the banishment of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind.
b) denial -- refusal to admit a particular aspect of reality.
c) regression -- individual displays immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past
d) rationalization -- providing socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior
e) intellectualization -- reducing anxiety by reacting to emotional situations in a detached, unemotional way.
f) projection -- attributing our undesirable feelings to others.
g) displacement -- expressing feelings toward something or someone besides the target person, because they are perceived as less threatening.
h) reaction formation -- acting in a manner opposite our true feelings.
i) compensation -- reacting to a personal deficiency by developing another talent.
j) sublimation -- expression of sexual or aggressive impulses through indirect, socially acceptable ones.
B. Analytic Psychology -- Carl Jung
Unlike the Psychosexual approach, the analytic approach de-emphasizes the sex motive
1) Personal Unconscious -- the individuals own unconscious mind.
2) Collective Unconscious -- the unconscious mind that is shared by all human beings and that contains archetypal images passed down from our prehistoric ancestors.
3) Archetypes -- inherited images which are passed down from our prehistoric ancestors and reveal themselves as universal symbols in art, dreams, and religion.
4) Extrovert -- a person who tend to focus on the external world and people. People often associate being socially outgoing with extroversion, but that is a little too simplistic. Extroverts may be more outgoing in that they gain energy from the other people and the external environment, and usually prefer to be with others.
5) Introvert -- a person who is focused on (often preoccupied) with his or her private mental experiences, feelings, and thoughts.