If removal of norm is required for occupational health reasons, disposal options may include:

• canister disposal during well abandonment;

• deep well or salt cavern injection;

• injection into the annular space of a well or disposal to landfill in sealed containers.

• Sludge, scale, or NORM-impacted equipment should be treated, processed, or isolated so that potential future human exposures to the treated waste would be within internationally accepted risk-based limits.

• Recognized industrial practices should be used for disposal. If waste is sent to an external facility for disposal, the facility must be licensed to receive such waste.

13. Waste management. Drilling fluids and drilled cuttings. Alternative treatment methods.

Drilling fluids and drilled cuttings

The major source of pollution in the drilling system is the drilling mud and cuttings from the bit.

Drill mud: Drill mud (also called cutting mud) is a complex colloidal mixture of water, bentonitic clays, chemical additives, and trace amounts of oil from cuttings of the hydrocarbon-bearing zones. This mud serves several purposes in oil drilling as it is circulated down the inside of the rotating drill from the surface and backup the annular space between the drill pipe and the drilled hole. At the drill bit/rock interface, it cools and lubricates the cutting action. As it flows up the annular space, it lifts rock chips which can then be screened out at the surface. Most important, the column of mud creates hydrostatic pressure which keeps pressurized oil or gas from being expelled uncontrollably (a “blowout”).

Drilling fluids and drilled cuttings

Feasible alternatives for the treatment and disposal of drilling fluids and drilled cuttings should be evaluated and included in the planning for the drilling program.

Alternative options may include one, or a combination of, the following:

• Injection of the fluid and a mixture of cuttings into a dedicated disposal well

• Injection into the annular space of a well

• Storage in dedicated storage tanks or lined pits prior to treatment, recycling, and / or final treatment and disposal

• On-site or off-site biological or physical treatment to render the fluid and cuttings non-hazardous prior to final disposal using established methods such as thermal desorption in an internal thermal desorption unit to remove NADF for reuse, bioremediation, land farming, or solidification with cement and / or concrete. Final disposal routes for the non-hazardous cuttings solid material should be established, and may include use in road construction material, construction fill, or disposal through landfill including landfill cover and capping material where appropriate. In case of land farming it should be demonstrated that sub-soil chemical, biological, and physical properties are preserved and water resources are protected;

• Recycling of spent fluids back to the vendors for treatment and re-use.

• Consider minimizing volumes of drilling fluids and drilled cuttings requiring disposal by:

Use of high-efficiency solids control equipment to reduce the need for fluid change out and minimizing the amount of residual fluid on drilled cuttings;

Use of slim-hole multilateral wells and coiled tubing drilling techniques, when feasible, to reduce the amount of fluids and cuttings generated.

• Pollution prevention and control measures for spent drilling fluids and drilled cuttings should include:

Minimizing environmental hazards related to residual chemicals additives on discharged cuttings by careful selection of the fluid system.

Careful selection of fluid additives taking into account the technical requirements, chemical additive concentration, toxicity, bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential;

Monitoring and minimizing the concentration of heavy metal impurities (mainly mercury and cadmium) in barite stock used in the fluid formulation.

• The construction and management measures for surface storage or disposal pits should be applied to cuttings and drilling fluid pits. For drilling pits, pit closure should be completed as soon as practical, but no longer than 12 months, after the end of operations. If the drilling waste is to be buried in the pit following operations (the Mix-Bury-Cover disposal method), the following minimum conditions should be met:

The pit contents should be dried out as far as possible

If necessary, the waste should be mixed with an appropriate quantity of subsoil (typically three parts of subsoil to one part of waste by volume)

A minimum of one meter of clean subsoil should be placed over the mix

Top soil should not be used but it should be placed over the sub-soil to fully reinstate the area.

The pit waste should be analyzed and the maximum lifetime loads should be calculated. A risk-based assessment may be necessary to demonstrate that internationally recognized thresholds for chemical exposure are not exceeded

14. Mitigation methods and Pollutant Pay" principle.

The responsibility of project proponents to 'internalize' the full environmental costs of development proposals is now widely accepted under "Pollutant Pay" principle. In addition, many proponents have found that good design and impact management can result in significant savings applying the principles of cleaner production to improve their environmental performance:

• The predicted adverse environmental as well as social impacts for which mitigation measures are required should be identified and briefly summarized along with cross referencing them to the significance, prediction components of the EIA report or other documentation.

• Each mitigation measure should be briefly described with reference to the impact of significances to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (for example, continuously or in the event of contingencies). These should also be cross- referenced to the project design and operating procedures which elaborate on the technical aspects of implementing the various measures.

• Cost and responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring should be clearly defined, including arrangements for co-ordination between the various authorities responsible for mitigation.

• The proponent can use the EMP to develop environmental performance standards and requirements for the project site as well as supply chain. An EMP can be implemented through Environment Management Systems (EMS) for the operational phase of the project.

14. Principles of Quantitative Risk Assessment.

QRA may be carried out to serve the following objectives:

• Identification of safety areas

• Identification of hazard sources

• Generation of accidental release scenarios for escape of hazardous materials from the facility

• Identification of vulnerable units with recourse to hazard indices

• Estimation of damage distances for the accidental release scenarios with recourse to Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis

• Hazard and Operability studies (HAZOP) in order to identify potential failure cases of significant consequences

• Estimation of probability of occurrences of hazardous event through fault tree analysis and computation of reliability of various control paths

• Assessment of risk on the basis of above evaluation against the risk acceptability criteria relevant to the situation

• Suggest risk mitigation measures based on engineering judgement, reliability and risk analysis approaches

• Delineation / up-gradation of Disaster Management Plan (DMP).

• Safety Reports: with external safety report/ occupational safety report.

14. Steps for Mitigation methods.

Step One: Impact Avoidance

This step is most effective when applied at an early stage of project planning. It can be achieved by:

• not undertaking certain projects or elements that could result in adverse impacts

• avoiding areas that are environmentally sensitive; and

• putting in place the preventative measures to stop adverse impacts from occurring, for example, release of water from a reservoir to maintain a fisheries regime.

Step Two: Impact Minimization

This step is usually taken during impact identification and prediction to limit or reduce the degree, extent, magnitude, or duration of adverse impacts. It can be achieved by:

• scaling down or relocating the proposal;

• redesigning elements of the project; and

• taking supplementary measures to manage the impacts.

Step Three: Impact Compensation

This step is usually applied to remedy unavoidable residual adverse impacts. It can be achieved by:

• rehabilitation of the affected site or environment, for example, by habitat enhancement and restocking fish;

• restoration of the affected site or environment to its previous state or better, as typically required for mine sites, forestry roads and seismic lines; and

• replacement of the same resource values at another location, for example, by wetland engineering to provide an equivalent area to that lost to drainage or infill.