10. In situ steam injection

In situ steam injection is one of the thermal treatment methods that can be applied to remove the volatile organic compound from contaminated soil. In this method, steam at high temperature and compressed air are injected into the contaminated soil. The temperature of the injected steam should be higher than the boiling points 220 °C of the volatile compounds. With the help of this process, the contaminants can be easily converted to the gaseous or volatile phase. The air, vapor and the released hydrocarbon compounds are removed by extraction wells. Other methods could be beneficial for the in situ remediation process such as, dry soil barrier and horizontal drilling technology.

Dry soil barrier involves an injection of air below the contaminated area to create a dry layer by vaporization of the water in the soil. Thus, no liquid will flow through the dried layer until the critical saturation is reached. In case of oil leakage, the dried soil layer would retain the oil that would move forward to water aquifer and would prevent a contamination with the water source. Horizontal drilling technology is nowadays widely used in oil and gas drilling and can be applied to enhance the removal affectivity of the most in situ remediation methods by the placing of a longer horizontal section into the contaminated area as it can provide greater exposure into the area of interest. This would enhance the removal of contaminated water or to improve the injectivity of air, steam, bacteria or any other chemicals, which can accelerate the treatment of contaminated area. Figure 6 shows schematic of horizontal well that is placed perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow in the contaminated area.

11. Sanitary Protection Zone (spz).

It is known, that the work of industrial enterprises, factories, industries has a negative impact on public health. In order to reduce adverse effects on the human body, based on the project of territory of the enterprise is an organization of sanitary-protection zone, which is also referred to as the SPZ. Of course, the functioning of the industrial facility is accompanied by the release of harmful substances (pollutants) into the air. At this stage of industrial design the sanitary-protective zone should be included in the project.

Sanitary protection zone is located along the perimeter of the proposed construction, as any industrial undertaking, whether plant or production plant, road, rail, pipeline, power lines, gas stations, gas boiler, water treatment plants, airport, residential building, transformer substation, car wash, the cemetery or a resort area. It is a source of environmental impact, noise source, which has a negative impact on the mental health of people living near the site. The calculation of SPZ helps to determine the building restriction zone (BRZ). It is also possible to create a project to reduce the size of sanitary protection zone (SPZ).

SPZ is defined in the project of justification of the sanitary protection zone of the plant.

The development of the sanitary-protective zone consists of several stages:

1. Defining the boundaries of sanitary protection zones by the computational method.

Today there are five classes of enterprises, which are determined by the degree of adverse impact on the environment and human health. Calculating the size of the SPZ depends on the danger of an object: the greater danger of the object the greater is the radius of the sanitary protection zone.

Calculation of the sanitary protection zone is carried out to assess the impact on ambient air, acoustic effects of different types of physical effects.

This is followed by coordination of sanitary protection zone with Kazgidromet.

2. Conducting laboratory studies to establish the boundaries of the SPZ in Kazgidromet.

The cost of the development and standardization of the SPZ and budgeting of development of the sanitary-protective zone depends on the hazardness class of the object, the number of sources of pollution, noise and other characteristics of the object.

12. Waste menegement. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

Waste materials should be segregated into non-hazardous and hazardous wastes for consideration for re-use, recycling, or disposal. Waste management planning should establish a clear strategy for wastes that will be generated including options for waste elimination, reduction or recycling or treatment and disposal, before any wastes are generated. A waste management plan documenting the waste strategy, storage (including facilities and locations) and handling procedures should be developed and should include a clear waste tracking mechanism to track waste consignments from the originating location to the final waste treatment and disposal location. Guidance for waste management of these typical waste streams is provided in the General EHS Guidelines

Significant additional waste stream specific to onshore oil and gas development activities may include:

• Drilling fluids and drilled cuttings

• Produced sand

• Completion and well work-over fluids

• Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

Depending on the field reservoir characteristics, NORMs may precipitate as scale or sludges in process piping and production vessels. Where NORM is present, a NORM management program should also be developed so that appropriate handling procedures are followed.