Open questions to endterm exam ep in oil and gas industry

1. Advanced MSW treatment technologies (AMSWTT) AMSWTT also referred to as waste to energy (WTE) technologies require 5 components:

• Front end MSW pre-processing: is used to prepare MSW for treatment by the AMSWTT and separate any recyclables;

• Conversion unit (reactor);

• Gas and residue treatment plant (optional);

• Energy recovery plant (optional): Energy / chemicals production system includes gas turbine, boiler, internal combustion engines for power production. Alternatively, ethanol or other organic chemicals can be produced;

• Emissions clean up.

2. The classification of industrial wastes Industrial wastes are often chemically heterogeneous, complex multicomponent mixtures of compounds having different chemical and physical properties, represent the toxic, chemical, biological, corrosion, fire and explosion hazardousness. Our country is characterized by a harmful substance on the four classes of risk, which affects the costs of recycling and disposal: 1. Extremely dangerous. Wastes containing mercury and its compounds, including corrosive sublimate (HgCl2), chromate, and potassium cyanide, antimony compounds, including SbCl3 - antimony, benzopyrene, etc. The toxicity of mercury compounds lies in the harmful effects of the ion Hg2 +. In the body the mercury falls, as a rule, into non-ionic form. Mercury enters into combination with protein molecules in the blood, resulting in the formation of more or less stable complexes – metal proteins. There are profound abnormalities in the central nervous system that leads to the inertia of the cortical processes in the brain. Exposure to mercury compounds on animals with acute poisoning is manifested in a loss of appetite, thirst, salivation, vomiting, weakness, bloody diarrhea later, a cataract on the eye mucosa, possible seizures, sudden death in lesions of the motor components of the heart and spinal cord. In humans, poisoning with mercuric chloride and other salts of mercury causes headaches, damages the gums, sores, swelling of the lymph and salivary glands, and sometimes leads to fever. In severe cases, kidney nephrosis and death after 5 - 6 days. The overall impact on the body of potassium cyanide (KCN) and other salts of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) causes respiratory failure, a sharp decrease in the ability of tissues to consume the oxygen delivered. Benzo (a) pyrene (1,2-benzpyrene) - a strong carcinogen, obtained in the manufacture of coal tar (content 0.001-1%), coal tar pitch (1.5 - 2%) and shale (0.2%), oil shale, - contained in the crude oil, petroleum products, wood smoke, products of pyrolysis of wood and peat. 1,2-benzpyrene has carcinogenic activity against human and animal. Perhaps the development of most cancers of various organs: lungs, stomach, breast, and many others. The action of carcinogens in the body occurs at its interaction with elements of the cell. There is a hypothesis that these compounds do not play an independent role, but only create the conditions for oncogenic viruses. MPC of benzo-a-pyrene in ambient air is 0.01 microg/m3. 2. Highly dangerous. Wastes containing copper chloride containing copper sulfate, copper oxalate, antimony, lead compounds. Lead - a poison that acts on all living things, especially on the nervous system, blood vessels and to a lesser degree of effect on the endocrine and digestive systems. Actively influences the protein synthesis, cell energy balance and its genetic apparatus, inhibition of enzymatic processes, production of defective red blood cell destruction due to the blood-forming organs, metabolic disturbance. Copper is found in the body mainly in the form of complex organic compounds and plays an important role in hematopoiesis. In the harmful effect of an excess the critical role apparently is played by the reaction of Cu2 + with SH-groups of enzymes (Frieden). With the vibrations of Cu in serum and skin pigmentation associated with the appearance of the skin. There are reactions of copper compounds with the proteins of tissues of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. The toxicity of CuCl2 seen as an action Cu2 + and produced in the body of hydrochloric acid. 3. Moderately hazardous. Waste lead oxide (PbO, PbO2, Pb3O4), nickel chloride, carbon tetrachloride. In acute etched nickel chloride (NiCl2) there is agitation, depression, redness of the mucous membranes and skin, and diarrhea. Prolonged exposure causes a decrease in the number of red blood cells, but many animals are not tolerated very painful. 4. Low hazardous. Wastes containing magnesium sulfate, phosphate, zinc compounds, waste mineral processing flotation with amines. Contributes to changes in Mg content of SH-groups in the internal organs, disruption of nucleic acid metabolism. People affected nasal cavity, the hair falls out. The action itself MgSO4 on the skin leads to dermatological diseases. Phosphates - a mixture of various substances, including all or part of the phosphorus compounds, many of them are used as fertilizer. Since the anion of phosphoric acid is a physiological, a general toxic effect of salts is possible only at very high doses. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2), used for preserving wood and pulp and paper industry, in animals causes the development of malignant tumors in the lungs and genital organs, the violation of the hardness of bones and teeth. In humans, affects the respiratory tract, and sometimes gastro-intestinal tract, stomach ulcers rarely. MPC of zinc chloride - 1 mg/m2. Zinc sulfate or zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 • 7H2O) - respiratory stimulus animals, the gastro-intestinal tract. Causes anemia, growth retardation. A person can develop an increased incidence of respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and skin. Affiliation to the class is determined by the classifier of industrial waste, by calculation, if we know the parameters of hygiene agents (eg, MPC) and experimentally. Waste of all classes are divided into solid, pasty, liquid, gaseous or pulverulent. • Solid Waste: dilapidated container made of metal, wood, cardboard, plastics, cleaning materials, waste filtromaterialy, trim plastic pipes, wire and cable. • Paste: sludges, resins, precipitation with filters and clarifiers from cleaning tanks heat exchangers. • Liquid: waste water containing organic and inorganic, non-acceptance on the Bioremediation of view of the high toxicity. • Dustable (gaseous): blow-off gases from the breathing tubes of storage equipment, emissions from degreasing parts, paint products. According to the chemical stability of the different waste: explosive, spontaneously igniting, decomposing with the release of toxic gases, stable. Waste can be soluble and insoluble in water. By origin: organic, inorganic, mixed waste. In industrialized countries, the share of the costs of implementing environmentally friendly methods of production of the value of final products 30 - 50%. In our country's economy is still not adequately address to the industry or does not take into account losses from environmental degradation, the cost of production is determined by excluding the value of nature.

3. Benefits of Certification to OHSAS 18001 Enterprise Management System, developed and certified in accordance with the requirements of OHSAS 18001, allows the company to: • control over workplace hazards; • manage the risk potential in the workplace, to prevent the occurrence of incidents, accidents and emergencies; • reduce the financial costs, loss of human and other resources, arising from inappropriate activity; • improve the protection of staff and, consequently, the reliability of production; • avoid the possibility of court costs, direct and indirect costs; • integrated safety management system with other existing enterprise management systems (energy, environment, etc.); • improve the competitiveness, customer loyalty, shareholders, investors, creditors, • enter the international market. OHSAS 18001 is compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 and is applicable to all sectors of manufacturing and services. The certificate is issued for 3 years, annually an inspection to confirm compliance control management systems for health and safety requirements of the OHSAS 18001 standard. In addition to the OHSAS 18001 standard was published OHSAS 18002, which contains an explanation of the requirements of the standard and guidance for the creation of the system. • Identify aspects of your activities that affect the health and safety, and access to relevant legislation. • Identify the goals for performance improvement and develop a program to achieve them with the implementation of continuous monitoring, thereby ensuring continuous improvement.

4. The concept of wasteless production

The development of low-waste and wasteless technologies and techniques of integrated waste management of industry.

The importance of the economical and rational use of natural resources does not require any justification. In the world the demand for raw materials is constantly growing, production of which is becoming more expensive. As an interdisciplinary problem, the development of low-waste and wasteless technologies and the rational use of secondary resources requires the adoption of cross-industry solutions.

Secondary Materials and Resources (SMR) - waste of production and consumption which at this stage of development of science and technology can be used in the economy both at company, where they were generated, and beyond. The SMR do not include the return waste products used as raw materials re-production, where they were formed.

By-products and waste are the possible raw materials for other industries. By-products can be planned and can make a profit from their sale or use. Waste - unwanted, but inevitable products.

SMR are classified according to the following criteria:

1. By industry or places of waste proceeding;

2. By technological processes;

3. By kinds of resources;

4. By the degree of possible use;

5. By the state of aggregation.

Depending on the possibilities of use the SMR are divided:

1. Actually possible to use, i.e. there are effective treatment and conditions of use;

2. Potentially possible to use, while the use of which is economically and technically impractical.

5. Describe the Management Systems of Occupational Health and Safety in oil and gas industry

The series standard OHSAS 18000

• OHSAS 18001:2007 - Management System Occupational Health and Safety. Requirements.

• OHSAS 18002:2008 - Guidance on the application of OHSAS 18001.

OHSAS 18001 is the standard which is the baseline for checking Management Systems of Occupational Health and Safety. A prerequisite for its development was the need for companies for effective work on occupational health and safety.

The international standard OHSAS 18001:2007 was developed with the national standards bodies of several countries - Britain, Japan, South Africa, Ireland, as well as firms and research organizations. OHSAS 18001 is compatible with ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 and is applicable to all sectors of manufacturing and services.

OHSAS 18001:2007 is indeed global standard in the sense that its use is not limited to organizations in economically developed countries. In many countries, executives have come to the conclusion that this standard is important for the company and its relationship with society and government, as it allows creating a safety management system. This activity is not a one-time project or a random event. This is a long process of improving relations with society, with local authorities and the national government, with its own staff of the company, market participants or shareholders, consumer organizations and society as a whole.

By creating a system based on the principles of OHSAS 18001:2007, the organization is not experiencing difficulties in complying with the rules and reduces the risk of being fined or face litigation in the event of injury, occupational diseases and accidents. Proper installation and maintenance of the control system occupational health and safety personnel may be part of a strategy of good manufacturing practice, which is an effective long-term investment in the company's future. This, in turn, leads to the fact that companies that have received certificates for the management health and safety of staff, require their subcontractors, so they also controlled the process and manage the risks to the health and safety.

6. Determine the options available to the oil and gas operator for managing produced water

Avoid production of water onto the surface – Using polymer gels that block water contributing fissures or fractures or Downhole Water Separators which separate water from oil or gas streams downhole and reinject it into suitable formations. This option eliminates waste water and is one of the more elegant solutions, but is not always possible.

2. Inject produced water – Inject the produced water into the same formation or another suitable formation; involves transportation of produced water from the producing to the injection site. Treatment of the injectate to reduce fouling and scaling agents and bacteria might be necessary. While waste water is generated in this option, the waste is emplaced back underground.

3. Discharge produced water – Treat the produced water to meet onshore or offshore discharge regulations. In some cases the treatment of produced water might not be necessary.

4. Reuse in oil and gas operations – Treat the produced water to meet the quality required to use it for drilling, stimulation, and workover operations.

5. Consume in beneficial use – In some cases, significant treatment of produced water is required to meet the quality required for beneficial uses such as irrigation, rangeland restoration, cattle and animal consumption, and drinking water for private use or in public water systems.